List of loanwords in Indonesian
The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and other Austronesian languages.
Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Malaysia in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. Indonesia functions as the lingua franca for speakers of 700 various languages across the archipelago.
Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java. Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins.
During development, various native terms from all over the archipelago made their way into the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during the colonial period resulted in the incorporation of a significant number of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. This event significantly affected the original Malay language, which gradually developed into modern Indonesian. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.
Chronology
The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.- Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian. Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.
- Indonesian has evolved through trade with China since ancient times, including through significant numbers of Chinese immigrants migrating to Indonesia. As a result, some of the Chinese language, especially the Hokkien dialect, has been incorporated into Indonesian.
- Muslim influence, originally through Arabic and Persian traders over a number of centuries, resulted in an extensive influence from the Arabic and Persian.
- Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
- Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, extensively affected the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus affected the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-asi" and "-if" were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although Indonesian equivalents exist.
- Modern Indonesian regularly adopts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch, hi-tech words are typically taken from English.
Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer, "odol" as all of toothpastes, or “aqua” for mineral water. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".
List of loanwords
From Austronesian languages
From Minangkabau">Minangkabau language">Minangkabau
Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, but some might ultimately be loanwords from the Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay.| Word | Meaning | Original word |
| acuh | careful | acuah |
| anjungan | pavilion | anjuang |
| awak | you, crew, member | awak |
| bantah | denies | bantah |
| baruh | lowland | baruah |
| bernas | spirited | boneh |
| bunda | mother | bundo |
| buyung | sonny | buyuang |
| cabul | lewd | cabua |
| cakak | fight | cakak |
| campin | skilled | campin |
| cegak | vigorous | cegak |
| celoteh | babble | ciloteh |
| cemeeh | jeer | cemeeh |
| cengang | amazed | cangang |
| dara | girl, virgin, dove | daro |
| dadih | buttermilk | dadiah |
| dendang | sing | dendang |
| gadang | large | gadang |
| gadis | girl, virgin | gadih |
| gaek | aged | gaek |
| galau | confusion | galau |
| gelimang | mixed | galimang |
| gengsi | prestige | gengsi |
| heboh | commotion, fuss | heboh: noisy |
| himbau | appeal, please | imbau |
| jangat | skin | jangek |
| jenjang | ladder | janjang |
| jerang | boiled | jarang |
| jinjing | pick-up | jinjiang |
| junjung | respectful | junjuang |
| kelok | meanders | kelok |
| lamban | slow | lamban |
| lampau | over, past | lampau |
| lancang | sassy | lancang |
| nan | which, who | nan |
| ngarai | canyon | ngarai |
| nian | very, really, truly | nian |
| pencak | art | pancak |
| penghulu | chief of family | panghulu |
| ranah | realm, domain | ranah: land |
| rancak | beautiful | rancak |
| rantau | foreign country | rantau |
| rendang | rendang | randang |
| sanak | family | sanak |
| semarak | splendor | semarak |
| silat | silat | silek |
| surau | mosque | surau |
| tandas | demolished | tandeh |
| teroka | open up new areas | taruko |
| terompah | sandals | tarompah |
| tuah | good luck | tuah |
| tungkai | leg | tungkai |
| usang | obsolete | usang |
From Javanese">Javanese language">Javanese
Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary.| Word | Meaning | Original word |
| adem | cool temperature | adhem |
| adiluhung/adiluhur | refined, highly sophisticated taste | adiluhung |
| amblas | vanish | ambles |
| ambruk | collapse | ambruk |
| among | nurture | among |
| ampuh | potent | ampuh |
| anggun | graceful | anggun |
| angker | haunted | angker |
| anjlok | dropped | anjlog |
| antek | stooge | antek |
| anyar | new | anyar |
| apik | neat, nice | apik |
| asri | beautiful, neat, clean, nice | asri |
| ayu | beautiful, pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegant | ayu |
| ayom | give shade, foster, protect | ayom, hangayomi |
| baluwarti | palace fortified wall | baluwerti |
| bangsal | hall | bangsal, ultimately from Sanskrit: sala |
| batik | batik | mbatik, from: amba-nitik |
| bejat | depraved | bejat |
| beres | completed | beres |
| betot | pull suddenly | betot |
| bopong | carry | bopong |
| brandal | thugs | brandalan |
| bromocorah | criminal | bromocorah |
| buron/buronan | runaway or fugitive | buron: from buru-an |
| candi | temple | candhi |
| canggih | sophisticated | canggih |
| cebol | midget | cebol |
| celingukan | look around | celingukan |
| ceplas ceplos | speak out frankly | ceplas ceplos |
| copet | pickpocket | copet |
| dengkul | knee | dengkul |
| doyan | be fond | doyan |
| edan | crazy | edhan |
| empu | maestro, master craftsman | mpu |
| ganteng | handsome | ngganteng |
| gebrakan | blow | gebrakan |
| gede | big | gede |
| gembok | padlock | gembok |
| gendong | piggyback | gendong |
| gerebek | raid | grebeg: traditional ceremony involving mass competing to grab sacred objects |
| gilas | run over | giles |
| gosong | scorched | gosong |
| irit | frugal | irit |
| jagal | butcher | jagal |
| jago | skillful, expert | jago: rooster |
| jagoan | tough guy, hero | jago: rooster |
| jajan | snack | jajan |
| kedut | twitching | kedutan |
| kemben | torso wrap | kembhen |
| kesurupan | possessed | surup: fit, enter |
| konde | bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head | kondhe |
| lara | sadness | lara: sickness |
| larung | intentionally swept or send away through water | larung |
| lapik | base | lapik |
| luhur | noble, high | dhuwur, luhur |
| manut | obedient | manut |
| melengos | looked away | melengos |
| minggat | flee | minggat |
| mingkem | keep quiet | mingkem |
| mumpuni | accomplished | mumpuni |
| nganggur | idle, jobless | nganggur |
| nusantara | Indonesian archipelago, archipelago | nusantara |
| pagar langkan | balustrade | pagar langkan |
| pamrih | intention | pamrih |
| pemirsa | viewers | pemirsa |
| pendopo | roofed front open hall | pendhopo, ultimately from Sanskrit: mandapa |
| pilek | flu | pilek |
| resik | clean, well maintained | resik |
| sedot | suck | sedot |
| selaras | harmonious | slaras |
| selingkuh | affair | selingkuh |
| semberono | careless | sembrono |
| semrawut | complicated mess, out of order | semrawut |
| sungkan | shy | sungkan |
| tembang | song | tembang |
| tentram | peaceful | tentrem |
| titisan | reincarnated | nitis |
| tuntas | complete | tuntas |
| undakan | stages | undhak |
| unduh | download | unduh |
| unggah | upload | munggah |
| umpak | base | umpak |
From Sundanese">Sundanese language">Sundanese
Besides Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This can be attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten, before it too was divided, constituted the Pasundan, the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populous cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities.| Word | Meaning | Original word |
| aci | tapioca flour | aci sampeu |
| amburadul | mess, something out of order | amburadul |
| anjangsana | high official visiting | anjangsana |
| balairung | hall | bale riung: traditional building for meeting |
| becek | puddle | becek |
| berabe | annoying, nuisance | barabe |
| bloon | stupid | blo'on/o'on |
| cocopet | earwig | cocopet |
| getol | active | getol |
| hatur | to express, to send | haturkeun |
| jangkung | tall | jangkung |
| juara | champion, winner | jawara: tough guy, fighter, hero |
| kedap | proof as in "kedap air" | kedap |
| kesima | awe, amaze | kesima |
| kesohor | famous | kasohor |
| kolot | old fashioned | kolot: old |
| lalap | raw vegetable, consumed | lalab |
| majikan | boss | majikan |
| menyaru | pretending, camouflaging | verbal form of saru: undistinguishable |
| patungan | chip in, joint-venture, collecting money to buy something for common use | patungan |
| pemulung | waste picker | noun of the verb pulung: pick |
| pengaruh | influence | pangaruh |
| pepes | cooking method using banana leaf wrapping | papais: plural form of pais |
| uneasy, uncomfortable | ||
| siksa | torture | siksa: education |
| songong | no self-awareness | songong |
| uwa | uncle or aunty older than parent | uwa |
From Betawi">Betawi language">Betawi
Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including those from China and Arabia. Most of its speakers are inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other portions of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.| Word | Meaning | Original word |
| abal-abal | fake, false | abal-abal |
| bangkotan | aged | bangkotan |
| begah | replete | begah |
| belagu | ostentatious | belagu |
| butut | old-fashioned | butut |
| cebur | splash | cebur |
| entot | copulate | entot |
| gelandang | football midfielder, bringer | gelandang |
| gelandangan | homeless | gelandangan |
| mampus | dead | mampus |
| ngamen | street performance | ngamen |
| rempong | troublesome | rempong |
| ribet | complicated, hard, not easy | ribet |
| rombeng | rags | rombeng |
| timpuk | throw | timpuk |
| udak | chase | udak |
From Nias">Nias language">Nias
From Batak">Batak languages">Batak
From Balinese
, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Balinese word | Balinese Transliteration | Balinese meaning | Note | Ref |
| a Balinese opera | arja | a Balinese opera | ||||
| avatar | avatar | 1. see also avatar. 2. Loanword from Sanskrit | ||||
| Awig-awig is Balinese adat law. | ||||||
| bonang | bonang | |||||
| Bade is tower for Balinese Hinduism cremation ceremony. | ||||||
| spear | spear | |||||
| sow | sow | |||||
| Banjar is administrative division below the village in Bali. | ||||||
| offering | offering | |||||
| barong | barong | |||||
| Bebali is a sacred dance in Bali. | ||||||
| Bebangkit is an offering for Durga. | ||||||
| Bebarongan is a type of roofing in Bali. | ||||||
| bebekel | ||||||
| Beli is older brother in Balinese. | ||||||
| bendésa | bendésa | Bendesa is Balinese adat village head. | ||||
| caturjalma | ||||||
| Cokorda | ||||||
| 1. Dewa is a title for Brahmin caste in Bali. 2. Loanword of Sanskrit ). |
From Indian languages
From Sanskrit">Sanskrit language">Sanskrit
Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western Indo-European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city and Jayawijaya Mountains in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.
From [Pali]
is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Pali word | Pali transcription | Pali meaning | Note |
| belanja | shopping, expense | वलञ्ज | valañja | that which is spent or secreted | |
| biku | bhikkhu | भिक्खु | bhikkhu | beggar, bhikkhu | see also biksu from Sanskrit. |
| bikuni | bhikkhuni | भिक्खुणी | bhikkhuṇī | beggar, bhikkhuni | see also biksuni from Sanskrit. |
| dana | allocated money | धन | dhana | treasure | |
| dana | donation, funds | दान | dāna | giving, liberality; offering, alms | cognate of Sanskrit दान. |
| duka | sadness | दुक्ख | dukkha | stress; suffering; pain; distress; discontent | |
| loba | greed | लोभ | lobha | greed; passion; unskillful desire. | |
| mara | calamity | मार | māra | mara | cognate of Sanskrit मार. |
| merana | sick, sadness | मारण | māraṇa | killing, slaughter, murder | cognate of Sanskrit मारण. |
| percaya | believe | परिचय | paricaya | familiarity | cognate of Sanskrit प्रत्ययः |
| raga | body | राग | rāga | lust; greed |
From [Hindi]
Hindi is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-Germanic or Indo-European language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the New Indo-Aryan subgroup.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Hindi word | Hindi transcription | Hindi meaning | Note |
| abaimana | anus, genital | अपमान्य | apamānya | disreputable, dishonourable | |
| acar | pickles | अचार | achaar | pickles | |
| antari | cloth | अंतरीय | antarīya | under garment | |
| gari, argari | handcuffs | हाथकड़ी | hath-kaṛī | hand+link | |
| ayah | father | आया | āyā | ayah, nanny | |
| bahadur | brave | बहादुर | bahādur | brave | from Persian بهادر |
| bahana | 1. loud sound, 2. great, bright | भनक | bhanak | a low or distant sound, hum, buzz, ring | |
| bahana | 1. loud sound, 2. great, bright | हनना | hannā | to speak, to break silence | |
| bakdul | rein | बागडोर | bāgḍor | rein | |
| banglo | perforated crates to keep the fish in the dam area | banglā | |||
| bangsal | ward, shed, public building | भनसाल | bhansāl | storehouse, magazine, granary | see भण्डसाल < भण्डसार storehouse, magazine, granary |
| barua | procuress | bhaṛuā | |||
| basi | stale, spoilt | बासी | bāsī | stale, rancid | |
| bel | bell | bel | |||
| belati | dagger | विलायती | vilāyatī | foreign | |
| bendahari, bendari | female trasurer | भंडारी | bhaṇḍārī | store keeper | |
| bendi | two-wheeled cart | bhinḍī | |||
| benian | बनियान | baniyān | under garment, vest | ||
| beta | I | बेटा | beṭā | son | |
| bêti | proof | beṭī | |||
| bibi | aunt | bī | |||
| cacar | pox | चेचक | cecak | pox | |
| cakela | brothel, whorehouse | चकला | caklā | brothel, whorehouse | |
| candu | opium | चण्डू | caṇḍū | opium | from Sanskrit चण्ड+उकः |
| cap | stamp | ? छापा | chāp ṭhappā | ? stamp | |
| capal | leather sandal | चप्पल | cappal | slipper | |
| celana | pants, trousers | चोलना | ćolnā | short breeches, reaching half-way down the thighs | |
| cempa | campā | ||||
| ceri | cherry | curī | |||
| ceteri | tent | छत्री | ćhatrī | covering, canopy | Sanskrit tadbhava word छत्रिका |
| cindai | flowery silk | cunrī | |||
| coli | colī | ||||
| culim | smoking pipe | चिलम | cilam | smoking pipe | see also chillum |
| cura | funny | churā | |||
| curi | steal | चूरी चोरी | ćūrī corī | steal | |
| cuti | leave | छुट्टी | chuṭṭī | leave | |
| dal | bean | दाल | dāl | dried, split pulses | see dal. |
| dam | check | दाम | dām | net, snare | |
| dandi | a kind of musical instrument | डोंडी | ḍoṅḍī | small kettle-drum | Sanskrit tadbahva दुन्दुभी |
| dera | lash | durrā | to whip | ||
| dian | small lamp | दिया | dīyā | light, lamp, lantern | |
| dobi | laundry worker | धोबी | dhobī | laundry worker | |
| dol | 1. Indian drum, 2. mast | ढोल | ḍhol | dhol | |
| dol | 1. Indian drum, 2. mast | डोल | ḍol | mast | probably from Arabic دلو |
| duhai | an interjection word | दुहाई | duhāī | cry for help | |
| duli | dust; foot; honorary word for official, nobility, or king | डोली | ḍolī | a kind of sedan | see also paduka. |
| dura | far | दूर | dūr | far | |
| gajus | cashew | दूर | kājū | cashew | possibly from Tupian acajú through Portuguese caju |
| gala-gala | small bee | gūgal | |||
| ganda | small bee | gāna | |||
| ganja | Cannabis sativa | गांझा | gāṅjhā | Cannabis sativa | probably from Sanskrit गृञ्ज+कः, or गृञ्जनकः |
| gap | 1. sound of slapping on a table. 2 sound of heartbeat. | gap | the sound made by a blow, or in swallowing | ||
| garam | salt | गरम | garam | hot, warm | |
| geleca | cake | gālīcā | |||
| guli | marbles | गोली | golī | ball | from Sanskrit गोल+इका |
| gusar | angry | g̠uṣṣa | choking, anger | from Arabic غصة, from. غصّ 'to be choked' |
From Tamil">Tamil language">Tamil
Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language, mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.
| Indonesian Word | Indonesian Meaning | Tamil Word | Tamil Transliteration | Tamil Meaning | Note |
| acaram | 1. ring, 2. earnest money | அச்சகாரம் | accāram | earnest money | |
| acu | mould, model | அச்சு | accu | mould | |
| andai | if, suppose | அண்டை | aṇṭai | near, support | |
| apam | kind of cake | அப்பம் | appam | appam, rice cake, bread pastry | |
| badai | storm | வாடை | vāṭai | wind, north wind | |
| bagai | sort of | வகை | vakai | kind, sort | |
| baji | wedge | வசி | vaci | cleft, point, edge | |
| basi | 1. commission, fee 2. overtime or extra pay 3. reduction, discount | வாசி | vāci | 1. difference 2. rate, as of interest; portion 3. discount, in changing money | |
| batil | copper bowl, plate, tray | வட்டில் | vaṭṭil | a brass tray, a platter; basket | |
| bedil | gun, rifle | வெடி | veṭi | explosion, as of gun | via Javanese bedhil |
| bicu | lever | வீச்சு | vīccu | blow, stroke | |
| biram | 1. elephant, 2. double-headed snake, 3. red | வேழம் | vēḻam | elephant | |
| canai | grindstone | சாணை | cāṇai-k-kal | grindstone | |
| cemeti | whip | சம்மட்டி | cammaṭṭi | 1. whip, 2. large hammer | |
| cerpelai | mongoose | கீரிப்பிள்ளை | kīri-p-piḷḷai | common Indian mungoose, Indian ichneumon, Herpestes mungo | |
| cerpu | leather sandals | செருப்பு | ceruppu | leather sandals, slippers, shoes | |
| cerutu, serutu | cigar | சுருட்டு | curuṭṭu | 1. curling, coiling; 2. cigar | |
| ceti | money lender | செட்டி | ceṭṭi | mercantile caste, traders | from Prakrit sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin |
| cukai | excise tax, custom | சுங்கம் | cuṅkam | duty on goods, customs, tolls | from Prakrit šuṅkašulka |
| cuku | dried gambier roots | சுக்கு | cukku | dried ginger | |
| cuma | only, no others | சும்மா | cummā | leisurely, without any occupation or work | ? |
| gula | sugar | குளம் | kuḷam | sugar | *? |
| gulai | kind of curry | குலை | gulai | *? | |
| gundu | marbles | குண்டு | kuṇṭu | ball; anything globular and heavy | |
| gurindam | two lines rhyme | கிரந்தம் | kirantam | 1. book, treatise 2. A verse or prose containing 32 syllables, šlōka | from grantha. |
| helai | sheet | இலை | ilai | leaf, petal | |
| jodoh, joli | mate, partner | சோடி | cōṭi | couple, pair | loanword from Hind. jōḍi. |
| joli | royal sedan | டோலி | ṭōli | a kind of sedan | loanword from Hind. ḍōlā. |
| kambi | wooden frames to strengthen the edges of doors | கம்பி | kampi | wall plate | |
| kapal | boat | கப்பல் | kappal | ship, sailing vessel | |
| kari | curry | கறி | kaṟi | curry | |
| katai, katik | small, short | கடை | kaṭṭai | short, low, dwarfish defect, deficiency | |
| katelum | bastion | கொத்தளம் | kottalam | part of a rampart, bastion, defensive erection on the top of a rampart | from Pāli koṭṭhaka |
| kati | a measure of weight = 6¼ ons | கட்டி | kaṭṭi | a measure of weight = 25 palams | |
| katik | 1. Paspalum scrobiculatum, 2. Treron curvirostra, 3. area measurement | கட்டை | kaṭṭai | mile | |
| katil | bed | கட்டில் | kaṭṭil | 1. cot, bedstead, couch, sofa, 2. Throne | |
| kawal | guard, escourt | காவல் | kāval | defence, protection, watchman, guard | |
| kedai | foodstall | கடை | kaṭai | bazaar, shop, market | |
| kedelai | Glycine max | கடலை | kaṭalai | Cicer arietinum, Melastoma malabaricum | Kanarese, Travancore usage kaḍale, Malayalam kaḍala |
| kelam | dark | களம் | kaḷam | blackness, dark colour; cloud | |
| keledai | Equus asinus | கழுதை | kaḻutai | Equus asinus | |
| ketumbar | Coriandrum sativum | கொத்தமல்லி | kottamalli | Coriandrum sativum | from Sanskrit कुस्तुम्बुरु |
| kodi | twenty units | கோடி | kōṭi | 1. Crore, ten millions, 2. large number | |
| kolam | pool, pond, basin, tank | குளம் | kuḷam | tank, pond, reservoir, lake | |
| konde, kundai | dressing of hair in large coil on the head | கொண்டை | koṇṭai | tuft, dressing of hair in large coil on the head | related to Telugu koṇḍe, Kanarese Travancore goṇḍe, Malayalam koṇṭa |
| korundum | natural Aluminum oxide | குருந்தம் | kuruntam | corundum, emery | |
| kudai | basket made of rattan | கூடை | kūṭai | basket made of rattan, ola or bamboo | |
| kuil | temple | கோயில் | kōyil | 1. Palace, 2. Temple, Sanctuary | |
| kulai | limp | குலை | kulai | to untie, loosen, dishevel | |
| kuli | physical worker | கூலி | kūli | 1. wages, pay; 2. fare, hire, freight | |
| kundi | clay craftsman | kuṉṟi | ? | ||
| ladam | horseshoe | லாடம் | lāṭam | horseshoe | |
| lebai | mosque employees | லப்பை | lappai | Tamil-speaking Muhammadans | |
| logam | metal | உலோகம் | ulōkam | metal | from lōha metal |
| madali | a musical instrument | மத்தளம் | mattaḷam | a kind of drum | |
| malai | strands | மாலை | mālai | anything strung together | |
| maligai | royal chamber in palace | மாளிகை | māḷikai | top floor of a storied building | ? |
| mangga | mango | மாங்காய் | māṅkāy | mango | |
| manik | beads | maṇi | |||
| manikam | diamond | மாணிக்கம் | māṇikkam | gem, precious stone | |
| merikan, marikan | clothes from America | மரிக்கன் | marikkaṉ | from America | |
| maru | disturbing ghost | மாற்று | māṟṟu | to change, alter to conceal, hide to shift; to transfer, as from a place | |
| matu | grade of gold | மாற்று | māṟṟu | degree of fineness of gold or silver | |
| mempelam | mango | மாம்பழம் | mā-m-paḻam | mango fruit | |
| merunggai | Moringa oleifera | முருங்கை | muruṅkai | Moringa pterygosperma | |
| metai | bed | மெத்தை | mettai | bed, cushion | |
| meterai | seal, stamp | முத்திரை | muttirai | 1. impress, mark 2. seal, signet 3. stamp, as for postage, for court fees | |
| misai | mustache | மீசை | mīcai | 1. upper part, 2. cf. šmašru. moustache | |
| modal | capital, stock | முதல் | mutal | 1. beginning 2. principal, fund, capital, money yielding interest 3. stock, store | |
| mundam | large tub for royal bathing | முந்தை | muntai | small vessel | |
| mutu | 1. quality, purity of gold 2. sad 3. In pinch | முட்டு | muttu | difficulty, as in passing, hindrance, obstacle, impediment | |
| nali | volume unit =16 gantang =1/50 koyan | நாழி | nāḻi | tubularity; tube, a measure of capacity, =8 ollocks | related to nāḍi |
| nelayan | fisherman | நுளையன், கரையான், வலையன், வலைஞன் | nuḷaiyaṉ, karaiyāṉ, valaiyaṉ, valaiñaṉ, | fisher | |
| nila | indigo | நீல | nila | blue, black, common indigo, blue nelumbo | |
| nilai | value | நிலை | nilai | standing character, quality, temper, nature | |
| nilakandi | indigo : blue vitriol | நீலகண்டன் | nīla-kaṇṭaṉ | blue vitriol | |
| nilam | Pycnonotus aurigaster Pogostemon cablin | நீலம் | nīlam | blue, azure or purple colour | |
| ondé-ondé | jian dui | உண்டை | uṇṭai | ball, globe, sphere; anything round or globular | |
| panai | wooden tray | பானை | pāṉai | 1. large earthen pot or vessel 2. measure of capacity 3. oil measure = 4 cempu | |
| pancalogam | mixture of five metals | பஞ்சலோகம் | pañcalōkam | 1. The five kinds of metal, poṉ, irumpu, cempu, īyam, veḷḷi; 2. Amalgam of the five metals | |
| pandam | resin | பண்டம் | pantam | 1. substance, material, utensils. 2. belly, body | from bhāṇḍa |
| pandu | guide | பந்து | pantu | relation, kinsman | from bandhu. |
| patam, petam | ornament, jewelry | பட்டம் | paṭṭam | plate of gold worn on the forehead, as an ornament or badge of distinction | |
| pawai | 1. parade, procession 2. royal equipments | பவனி | pavaṉi | parade | |
| pelbagai | various | 1. பல 2. வகை | 1. pala 2. vakai | 1. many 2. division, class, manner, way, nature, goods, places, detail | |
| perisai | shield | பரிசை | paricai | 1. shield, buckler 2. large umbrella, as a badge of honour | |
| perli | satire, mockery | புரளி | puraḷi | 1. Lying, falsehood; 2. Mischief, waggishness; 3. Quarrel, wrangle, broil; | |
| peti | chest, box | பெட்டி | peṭṭi | chest, trunk, coffer, box | |
| pitam | headache, dizziness | பித்தம் பித்தம் | pittam pitta | lunacy, madness dizziness | |
| puadai | red carpet | பாவாடை | pāvāṭai | red carpet | |
| pualam | marble | பவளம் | pavaḷam | red coral | |
| pudi | small diamond | பொடி | poṭi | small gem | |
| putu | kue putu | புட்டு | puṭṭu | puttu | |
| ragam | various | ராகம் | rākam | desire, color, redness, music | |
| roti | bread | ரொட்டி | roṭṭi | bread, wheaten cake | |
| sambal | sambal | சம்பாரம் | campāram | spicy condiments, curry stuff | 1. from Sanskrit सम्बार 'spices'. 2. related to sambar |
| satai, saté | satay | சதை | catai | flesh | |
| sedelinggam | red paint material | சாதிலிங்கம் | cātiliṅkam | cermilion, red sulphurate of mercury | |
| senam | calisthenics | சானம் சனம் | cāṇam caṉam | meditation people, crowd, herd | |
| sengketa | to dispute | ஸங்கடம் | saṅkaṭam | trouble | |
| talam | tray without feet | தாலம் | tālam | 1. eating- plate, porringer, usually of metal. 2. Salver | |
| tampah | tray | தம்பா | tampā | tray | see tatak |
| tambi | 1. younger brother 2. helper | தம்பி | tampi | younger brother | |
| tandil | overseer | தண்டல் | taṇṭal | tax-collector | |
| tandu | palanquin | தண்டு | taṇṭu | pole of a palanquin or other vehicle | |
| tembaga | copper | செம்பு | cempu | copper, gold, metal vessel | |
| teman | friend | தமன் | tamaṉ | friend | |
| terusi, tursi | blue vitriol | துருசு | turucu | blue vitriol | |
| tirai | curtain | திரை | tirai | curtain | |
| tolan | friend | தோழன் | tōlan | friend | |
| topi | hat | தொப்பி | toppi | cap | |
| tunai | cash | துணை | tuṇai | measure, extent, degree, quantity, number | ? |
| Wéda | Vēdas | வேதம் | vētam | Vēdas |
From Middle Eastern languages
From Arabic">Arabic language">Arabic
The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus.| Word | Meaning | Original word | Transcription, notes |
| abdi | servant | عَبْد | ʻabd |
| abjad | alphabet | الأبْجَدِيّة | al'abjadia |
| adab | civilize, proper | أَدَب | adab |
| adat | custom | عادة | ʻāda |
| ahad | Sunday | الأحد | al-ahad |
| ajaib | magical | عجائب | ʻajāʼīb |
| ajal | death | أَجَل | ʻajl: fate |
| akad | contract, promise | عَقْد | ʻaqd |
| akal | reason | عَقْل | ʻaql |
| akhir | end | آخِر | ʼākhir |
| akhirat | hereafter | آخِرة | ākhira |
| akhlak | character, nature | أَخْلاق | akhlāq |
| alam | nature | عالَم | ʻālam: world, earth |
| alami | natural | عالَميّ | ʻālamiyy |
| aljabar | algebra | الجَبْر | al-jabr |
| amal | alms giving, good deed | عَمَل | ʻamal: work |
| aman | safe, secure | أمان | ʼamān |
| anda | you | أَنْتَ | anta |
| asal | origin | أَصْل | ʼaṣl |
| asas | foundation, basis | أَساس | ʼasās |
| asasi | foundational, basic | أَساسيّ | ʼasāsiyy |
| asli | real, original | أَصْليّ | ʼaṣliyy |
| awal | beginning | أَوَّل | ʼawwal |
| badan | body | بَدَن | badan |
| bahari | maritime, naval, of the sea | بَحْريّ | baḥriyy |
| batin | inner self | بَطْن | baṭn: stomach |
| berkah, berkat | blessing | بَرَكة | baraka |
| daftar | list | دَفْتَر | daftar: notebook |
| dahsyat | awesome | دَهْشَة | dahšat: astonishment |
| dakwah | sermon | دَعْوة | da'wa |
| derajat | degree, level | دَرَجَة | daraja |
| doa | pray | اِدِّعَاء | iddiʿāʾ: plea |
| dunia | world | دُنْيا | dunyā |
| faedah | benefit, profit | فَائِدَة | fayida |
| fajar | dawn | فَجْر | fajr |
| fakir | poor person, pauper | فَقير | faqīr |
| gaib | unseen | الغِيْب | alghaib |
| hadiah | gift, present | هدية | hadiyyah |
| hafal | memorize | حَفِظَ | hifz |
| halal | religiously lawful | حَلال | ḥalāl |
| hak | right | حَقّ | ḥaqq |
| hakikat | truth, base | حَقيقة | ḥaqīqa |
| hakiki | true, real | حَقيقيّ | ḥaqīqiyy |
| hakim | judge | حاكِم | ḥākim |
| haram | religiously unlawful | حَرام | ḥarām |
| harfiah | literal | حِرَفيّ | ḥirafiyy |
| hayati | living | حَياتيّ | ḥayātiyy |
| hewan | animal | حَيَوان | ḥayawān |
| hikmah | wisdom, deeper meaning | حِكْمة | ḥikma |
| hukum | law | حُكْم | ḥukm |
| huruf | letter | حُروف | ḥurūf |
| iblis | devil | إِبْلِيس | 'iiblis see setan |
| ijazah | diploma | إجازة | ʼijāza: license |
| ikhlas | sincere | مخلص | mukhlas |
| ikrar | pledge, declaration | إقْرار | ʼiqrār |
| ilmiah | scientific | عِلْميّ | ʻilmiyy |
| ilmu | knowledge, science | عِلْم | ʻilm |
| istilah | term | مُصْطَلَح | muṣṭalaḥ |
| istirahat | rest, break, pause, recess | اسْتَراحة | istarāḥa |
| izin | permission, to permit | إذْن | ʼidhn |
| jadwal | schedule | جَدْوَل | jadwal |
| jahanam | cursed, damned | جَهَنَّم | jahannam: hell |
| jahil | prank, practical joke | جاهِل | jāhil: ignorant, uninformed |
| jawab | answer | جَواب | jawāb |
| jenazah | corpse | جَنازة | janāza: funeral |
| jilbab | hijab, head covering | جلباب | jilbāb: loose coat |
| Jumat | Friday | الجُمْعة | al-jumʻa |
| kabar | news | خَبَر | khabar |
| kafan | white shroud | كَفَن | kafan |
| kafir | infidel | كافِر | kāfir |
| kaidah | rule | قَاعِدَة | qaida |
| Kamis | Thursday | الخَميس | al-khamīs |
| kamus | dictionary | قاموس | qāmūs |
| kera | ape | قرد | qarad |
| kertas | paper | قِرْطاس | qirṭās |
| khalayak | audience, public | ||
| khas | specialty | خاصّ | khāṣṣ |
| khawatir | worry | خواطر | khawatir: reflections |
| khayal | imagination, fiction | خَيَال | khial |
| khianat | betrayal, treason | خِيَانَةُ | khiana |
| khitan | circumcision | خِتان | khitān |
| khusus | special, particular | خصوص | khuṣūṣ |
| kitab | religious book | كِتاب | kitāb |
| korban | sacrifice | قُرْبان | qurbān |
| kuliah | college | كُلّيّة | kulliyya: faculty |
| kurma | date palm | كَرْمة | karma: grapevine |
| kursi | chair | كُرْسيّ | kursiyy |
| kurun | span | قُرون | qurūn: centuries |
| lahir | to be born; physical, external, outer | ظاهر | ẓāhir |
| laskar | soldier | العَسْكَر | al-ʻaskar |
| lezat | delicious | لذيذ | ladhidh |
| lisan | verbally, tongue | لِسان | lisān |
| maaf | sorry, to apologise | معاف | muʻāf |
| mahkamah | court of law | مَحْكَمة | maḥkama |
| majelis | assembly, board, council | مَجْلِس | majlis |
| makam | grave | مَقَام | maqām |
| makhluk | creature | مخلوق | maẖlūq |
| makna | meaning | مَعْنًى | maʻnan |
| maksud | meaning, purpose | مَقْصود | maqsūd |
| maktub | written | مَكْتوب | maktūb |
| malaikat | angel | مَلائكة | malāʼika |
| masalah | problem | مَسْأَلة | masʼala |
| masjid | mosque | مَسْجِد | masjid |
| maut | dead, deadly | مَوْت | mawt |
| menara | tower | مَنارة | manāra |
| Mesir | Egypt | مِصْر | miṣr |
| miskin | poor | مِسْكين | miskīn |
| mubazir | useless | مُبَذِّر | mubaḏḏir |
| mufakat | approval | موافقة | muwāfaqa |
| muflis | bankrupt | مُفْلِس | muflis |
| mujizat | miracle | المعجزات | al-mujazat |
| mungkin | maybe | مُمْكِن | mumkin |
| munafik | hypocrite | مُنافِق | munāfiq |
| murtad | apostate | مُرْتَدّ | murtadd |
| musim | season | مَوْسِم | mawsim |
| mustahil | impossible | مُسْتَحيل | mustaḥīl |
| musyawarah | discussion | ||
| nabi | prophet | نَبيّ | nabiiy |
| nafas | breathe, respire | تَنَفَّسَ | tanafas |
| nafkah | living | النفقة | alnafaqa: alimony |
| nafsu | desire | نَفْس | nafs: self, soul |
| najis | impure, unclean | نَجِس | najis |
| nasihat | advice | نَصيحة | naṣīḥa |
| nikah | to marry | نيكَ | niika |
| nisbah | ratio | نسبة | nisba |
| paham | to understand | فَهْم | fahm |
| petuah | lesson, advice | فَتْوى | fatwā |
| pikir | to think | فِكْر | fikr |
| pondok | cottage, lodge, shack | فندق | funduq |
| Rabu | Wednesday | الأَرْبِعاء | al-ʼarbiʻāʼ |
| rahim | uterus, womb | رَحِم | raḥim |
| rahmat | blessing | رَحْمة | raḥma |
| rakyat | people, citizen | رَعيّة | raʻiyya |
| rasul | prophet, apostle | رَسول | rasūl |
| rehat, rihat | rest | راحة | rāḥa |
| saat | moment | ساعة | sāʻa: hour |
| sabar | patient | صَبْر | ṣabr |
| Sabtu | Saturday | السَبْت | as-sabt |
| sabun | soap | صابون | ṣābūn |
| sahabat | close friend | صَحابة | ṣaḥāba |
| salat | to pray | صَلاة | ṣalāh |
| saleh | pious | صالِح | ṣāliḥ |
| salju | snow | ثَلْج | thalj |
| saraf | nerve | صَرْف | ṣarf |
| saum | fasting | صَوْم | ṣawm |
| sebab | cause, reason | سَبَب | sabab |
| sedekah | charitable gift, alms | صَدَقة | ṣadaqa |
| sehat | healthy | صِحّة | ṣiḥḥa |
| selamat | safe, well-being | سَلامة | salāma |
| Selasa | Tuesday | الثُلاثاء | ath-thulāthāʼ |
| Senin | Monday | الإثْنَيْن | al-ithnayn |
| serikat | company, federation | شَرِكَة | syarika |
| setan | devil, demon | شَيْطَان | shaitan |
| siasat | strategy, trick | سِياسة | siyāsa: policy, strategy |
| sifat | characteristic, trait, quality | صِفة | ṣifa |
| soal | question, problem | سُؤال | suʼāl |
| subuh | early morning | صباح | ṣabāḥ |
| sultan | king | سلطان | sultan |
| syariat | Islamic law | شَريعة | sharīʻa |
| syukur | gratitude | شُكْر | shukr |
| taat | obedient | طاعة | ṭāʿa |
| tabib | traditional healer | طَبيب | ṭabīb |
| takabur | arrogant | متكبر | mutakabir |
| takdir | destiny | تقدير | taqdir: estimation |
| terjemah | to translate | تَرْجَمة | tarjama |
| tertib | orderly | تَرْتيب | tartīb |
| umum | common, public | عُموم | ʻumūm |
| umur | age | عُمْر | ʻumr |
| unsur | element | عُنْصُر | ʻunṣur |
| wahid | one, the only | واحِد | wāḥid |
| wajah | face | وَجْه | wajh |
| wajib | required, compulsory | وَاجِب | wājib: duty |
| waktu | time | وَقْت | waqt |
| waris | to inherit | وارِث | wārith |
| wilayah | region, area | وِلاية | wilāya |
| yakin | confidence, sureness, belief | يَقين | yaqīn |
| zaitun | olive | زَيْتون | zaytūn |
| zakar | male genitalia | ذَكَر | dhakar |
| zakat | alms | زَكاة | zakāh |
| zaman | era | زَمَن | zaman |
| zamrud | emerald | زُمُرُّد | zumurrud |
| ziarah | pilgrimage | زيارة | ziyāra: visit |
| zinah | adultery | زِناء | zināʼ |
From Persian">Persian language">Persian
From Hebrew">Hebrew language">Hebrew
| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Hebrew word | Hebrew Transliteration | Hebrew meaning | Note | Ref |
| bethel | 1. holy place, 2. a Christian denomination | beth.el | house of God | usually loan rendered as bait Allah. | ||
| haleluya | alleluia, hallelujah | halleluya | alleluia, hallelujah | |||
| kibbutz | kibbutz | kibútz | kibbutz | |||
| mazmur | psalms | mizmor | a lyric ode, or a song set to music | see psalms. | ||
| onani | masturbation, to masturbate | onanút | masturbation | after the Biblical figure: Onan, Genesis: 38:9 | ||
| rabi | rabbi | rab.bi | rabbi | |||
| sabat | shabbat | shab.bat | shabbat | 1. see Shabbat and Sabbath. 2. see also sabtu, loanword from Arabic. | ||
| Yahwe | Yahweh | *see note | Yahweh | 1. see Yahweh, Judeo-Christian God. 2. see also tetragrammaton. |
From East Asian languages
From Chinese">Chinese language">Chinese
The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia is almost 1%, yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine. Words of Chinese origin include pisau, mie, lumpia, teko, 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu and 力 li and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu. Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien or Hakka.From Japanese">Japanese language">Japanese
Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period and globalisation of Japanese popular culture. As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.From Korean">Korean language">Korean
In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanwords are mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Korean Hangul | Korean Hanja | Korean Transliteration | Korean meaning | Note | Ref |
| kimchi | kim-chi | kimchi | traditional side dishmade from salted and fermented vegetables. | ||||
| taekwondo | taekwondo | taekwondo | Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. | ||||
| won | won | 1. won, the currencies 2. circle | Won are currencies of South and North Korea. |
From European languages
The European influence on Indonesian is largely related to European intervention and colonialism. The most significant consequence is the continued use of the Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts.The Portuguese arrived first in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas significantly increased Portuguese influence, as did the introduction of Christianity in the region.
However, Dutch has had the most influence on the language, as a result of the Dutch having controlled Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating Portuguese influence in the archipelago. The Dutch language itself was not introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Dutch government took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC. Previously, the Malay language had adopted by the VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language.
English has also exerted a certain influence on the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in colonial days. More recently, English has played an increasingly large role in the nation's official language as a result of globalization.
From Portuguese">Portuguese language">Portuguese
Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.| Word | Meaning | Original word |
| akta | act | acta |
| algojo | executioner | algoz |
| armada | fleet | armada |
| bangku | chair | banco: bench |
| baret | barrette | barrete |
| batako | brick | pataco |
| Belanda | Dutch, Holland | Holanda |
| bendéra | flag | bandeira |
| beranda | verandah, porch | varanda |
| biola | violin | viola |
| bola | ball | bola |
| bolu | cake | bolo |
| bonéka | doll | boneca |
| cerutu | cigar | charuto |
| dansa | dance | dança |
| dadu | dice | dado |
| gagu | mute | gago: stutterer, stuttering |
| ganco | hook | gancho |
| garpu | fork | garfo |
| geréja | church | igreja |
| gratis | free | gratis |
| jendéla | window | janela |
| Jepang | Japan | Japão |
| kaldu | broth | caldo |
| kanal | channel | canal |
| kéju | cheese | queijo |
| keméja | shirt | camisa |
| keréta | chariot/cart | carreta |
| kertas | paper | cartas |
| kredo | creed | credo |
| lelang | auction | leilão |
| lemari | closet | armário |
| meja | table | mesa |
| mentéga | butter | manteiga |
| Minggu | Sunday | domingo |
| misa | mass | missa |
| mitos | myth | mitos |
| nanas | pineapple | ananás |
| natal | Christmas | natal |
| noda | stain | nódoa |
| nona | young woman | dona |
| palsu | fake, false | falso |
| pasta | paste | pasta |
| perahu | boat | proa: bow |
| pesiar | cruise, excursion | passear |
| pesta | party | festa |
| pigura/figura | picture, figure | figura |
| pita | ribbon | fita |
| pompa | pump | bomba hidráulica, |
| roda | wheel | roda |
| Sabtu | Saturday | sábado |
| sabun | soap | sabão |
| saku | pocket, bag | saco |
| santo/santa | saint | santo |
| sekolah | school | escola |
| sepatu | shoe | sapato |
| serdadu | soldier | soldado |
| témpo | time | tempo |
| tenda | tent | tenda |
| terigu | wheat | trigo |
| tinta | ink | tinta |
| tolol | fool | tolo |
| tukar | exchange | trocar |
From Spanish">Spanish language">Spanish
As Portuguese, Spanish loanword come from colonialism in East Indies. In 1606, the Spaniards established some form of trade links with the Maluku Islands. In 1529, Charles I of Spain relinquished all claims to the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. Thus, there are fewer loanwords from Spanish than Portuguese or Dutch.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Spanish word | Spanish meaning | Note | Ref |
| good bye, farewell | good bye, farewell | ||||
| wealth, good fortune, or profits source | fair weather, prosperity | ||||
| cedilla | cedilla | ||||
| title of respect for a woman | Not available in isolated form in Indonesian. Compound words with -dona in Indonesian are madona and primadona. | ||||
| trainer, coach | trainer, coach | ||||
| fandango | fandango | Fandango is a lively couples dance from Spain, usually in triple metre, traditionally accompanied by guitars, castanets, or hand-clapping. | |||
| jai alai | jai alai | lit. happy party | |||
| Cuban cigar | Habanos, producer Cuban cigars | lit. from Havana | |||
| shirt | shirt | see also kemeja, from Portuguese | |||
| bullfighter | Based on English usage, matador used in the English language as title for a bullfighter, which come from shortening of matador de toros. | ||||
| mestizo | mestizo | Mestizo is a person of combined European and Amerindian or Pacific Islander descent. | |||
| mass | mass | ||||
| perlente | elegant | talking | |||
| 1. plaza, town square 2. shopping mall with parking lot | plaza | ||||
| poncho | poncho | originally loan word from Quechua punchu | |||
| sombrero | hat |
From Dutch">Dutch language">Dutch
The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive imprint on Indonesian vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, as well as other non Italo-Iberian European language loanwords which were introduced via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords possessing clusters of multiple consonants pose difficulties for speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by the insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef → sekrup. Many Indonesian vocabulary ending "-i" can also be traced to the influence of Dutch vocabulary "-ie". The months from January to December used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. It is estimated that 10,000 words in the Indonesian language can be traced back to the Dutch language.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Dutch word | Dutch meaning | Note | Ref |
| , | , | 1. clipped as acc. 2. Loan word borrowed from French from Vulgar Latin *accordō, accordāre, formed from Latin ad + cor. | |||
| division, section | division, section | ||||
| division, section | division, section | pre-1934 spelling, obsolete | - | ||
| verbal promise | arrangement, agreement, understanding | ||||
| current, present | current, present | ||||
| alliance | alliance | ||||
| handicraft | 1. handicraft. 2. legal district | ||||
| amnesty, state-granted pardon | amnesty, state-granted pardon | ||||
| ' | demand, request | application | |||
| 1. contribution, part. 2. a share, stock | 1. contribution, part. 2. a share, stock | ||||
| , ' | anchor | anchor | |||
| antique | antique | ||||
| enthusiastic | enthusiastic | ||||
| apathetic | apathetic | ||||
| apartment | apartment | - | |||
| apartheid | 1. separateness, separating characteristics. 2. apartheid | From Afrikaans, a Dutch-related language, apartheid. | |||
| , ' | pharmacy | pharmacy | |||
| pharmacist | pharmacist | ||||
| April | April | ||||
| strawberry | strawberry | ||||
| ground | earth, soil, ground | ||||
| area | area | ||||
| watch | watch | ||||
| article | article | ||||
| axis, axle | axis, axle | ||||
| ashtray | ashtray | From as + bak. | |||
| antisocial | antisocial | ||||
| backwards | backwards | From achter + uit. | |||
| container | container | ||||
| ' | ball | ball | |||
| tyre, belt | tyre, belt | ||||
| barricade | barricade | ||||
| washbasin | washbasin | From was + kom. | |||
| , , | battery | battery | |||
| bolt | bolt | ||||
| ' | servant | servant | |||
| ' | budget | budget | |||
| , | can, tin | can, tin | |||
| dental braces | 1. dental braces. 2. hinged clamp | ||||
| ' | famous, notorious | 1. known. 2. familiar, trusted. | |||
| ' | |||||
| tax, excise, duty | 1. strain, burden, load. 2. tax, levy by public authorities. | ||||
| policy | 1. policy. 2. care. | ||||
| From Middle Dutch winkel. | |||||
| ' | fit, stroke or seizure | fit, stroke or seizure | |||
| ' | letter of appointment | decision, determination | |||
| ' | delivery place | 1. to order, demand delivery. 2. to deliver | |||
| ' | management board | 1. management. 2. governing board. 3. reign | |||
| ' | excoriation | to occupy, to fill | |||
| ' | to visit sick persons | to visit | |||
| , ' | brassiere | brassiere | |||
| 1. in. 2. | 1. in. 2. | ||||
| cinema | cinema | ||||
| beefsteak | beefsteak | ||||
| , ' | bus | bus | |||
| receipt | receipt, ticket, voucher | ||||
| harbour administration | harbour administration | ||||
| boric acid solution | boric acid solution | ||||
| , | safe | safe | |||
| firefighter squad | fire department | ||||
| friar | friar | 1. cognate with brother in English. 2. the meaning as brother is dated and translated as broer in Dutch. | |||
| book | book | In Indonesian, buku is used for book. For religious and poetic book, Indonesian uses kitab and pustaka respectively. | |||
| green beans | beans | ||||
| headgear | |||||
| chocolate | chocolate | ||||
| cultivation system | cultivation system | ||||
| guardianship | guardianship | ||||
| dah/dadah | good-bye | dag: day | - | - | - |
| dak | roof | dak | - | - | - |
| dasi | necktie | das | - | - | - |
| debat | debate | debat | - | - | - |
| departemen | department | departement | - | - | - |
| Desember | December | december | - | - | - |
| dinas | administration | dienst | - | - | - |
| diskusi | discussion | discussie | - | - | - |
| dokter | medical doctor | dokter | - | - | - |
| dosis | dose | dosis | - | - | - |
| duit | money | duit: a copper Dutch coin | - | - | - |
| egois | selfish | egoïst: egoist | - | - | - |
| émbér | bucket | emmer | - | - | - |
| éngsél | hinges | hengsel | - | - | - |
| Eropa | Europe | Europa | - | - | - |
| faktur | invoice | factuur | - | - | - |
| fantastis | fantastic | fantastisch | - | - | - |
| Februari | February | februari | - | - | - |
| frambus | raspberry | framboos | - | - | - |
| gaji | wages | gage | - | - | - |
| gang | alley | gang | - | - | - |
| gardu | to guard, watch post | garde | - | - | - |
| gerilya | guerrilla | guerrilla | - | - | - |
| gorden | curtain | gordijn | - | - | - |
| gubernur | governor | gouverneur | - | - | - |
| halo | hello | hallo | - | - | - |
| handuk | towel | handdoek | - | - | - |
| hanger | hanger | hanger | - | - | - |
| halte bus | bus stop | bushalte | - | - | - |
| helm | helmet | helm | - | - | - |
| hipotek | mortgage | hypotheek | - | - | - |
| ide | idea | idee | - | - | - |
| identik | identical | identiek | - | - | - |
| ilusi | ilussion | ilusie | - | - | - |
| imun | immune | immuun | - | - | - |
| indehoy | forbidden sexual intercourse | inhethooi: in the hay | - | - | - |
| Indo | Eurasian, mestizo | abbreviation of Indo-European | - | - | - |
| infanteri | infantry | infanterie | - | - | - |
| insinyur | engineer | ingenieur | - | - | - |
| institut | institute | instituut | - | - | - |
| intim | intimate | intiem | - | - | - |
| Januari | January | januari | - | - | - |
| jas | coat | jas | - | - | - |
| Juli | July | juli | - | - | - |
| Juni | June | juni | - | - | - |
| jus | juice | jus | - | - | - |
| kabel | cable | kabel | - | - | - |
| kaisar | emperor | keizer | - | - | - |
| kakus | toilet | verb: kakken/noun: kakhuis | - | - | - |
| kalem | calm | kalm | - | - | - |
| kalkun | turkey | kalkoen | - | - | - |
| kamar | room | kamer | - | - | - |
| kantor | office | kantoor | - | - | - |
| karakter | character | karakter | - | - | - |
| karcis | ticket | kaartjes: plural for diminutive of kaart, card or ticket | - | - | - |
| kartu | card | kaart | - | - | - |
| kastanye | chestnut | kastanje | - | - | - |
| katun | cotton | katoen | - | - | - |
| kavaleri | cavalry | cavalerie | - | - | - |
| kelar | ready, finished | klaar | - | - | - |
| kelas | class | klas | - | - | - |
| keran | faucet, tap | kraan | - | - | - |
| knalpot | muffler | knalpot | - | - | - |
| kol | cabbages | kool | - | - | - |
| kolega | colleague | collega | - | - | - |
| komandan | commander | commandant | - | - | - |
| komentar | comment | commentaar | - | - | - |
| komersil | commercial | commercieel | - | - | - |
| komisaris | commissioner | commissaris | - | - | - |
| kondisi | condition | conditie | - | - | - |
| kongres | congress | congres | - | - | - |
| kopi | coffee | koffie | - | - | - |
| kopling | clutch | koppeling | - | - | - |
| kopor | suitcase | koffer | - | - | - |
| kor/koor | choir | koor | - | - | - |
| korsleting/konslet | short circuit | kortsluiting | - | - | - |
| korting/diskon | discount | korting/disconteren | - | - | - |
| korup | corrupt | corrupt | - | - | - |
| korupsi | corruption | corruptie | - | - | - |
| kos/indekos | room rental | kost: cost; board | - | - | - |
| kuitansi | receipt | kwitantie | - | - | - |
| kulkas | ice box or refrigerator | koelkast | - | - | - |
| kursus | course | cursus | - | - | - |
| kusén | window frame | kozijn | - | - | - |
| laci | deskdrawer | laatje: diminutive form of la | - | - | - |
| lampu | lamp | lamp | - | - | - |
| limun | lemonade | limoen: lemon | - | - | - |
| lisensi | license | licentie | - | - | - |
| listrik | electric | elektrisch | - | - | - |
| loket | pay box | loket | - | - | - |
| makelar | broker | makelaar | - | - | - |
| mantel | coat | mantel | - | - | - |
| Maret | March | maart | - | - | - |
| maskapai | airline | maatschappij: company | - | - | - |
| massa | mass | massa | - | - | - |
| matras | bed | matras | - | - | - |
| mebel | furniture | meubel | - | - | - |
| media massa | mass media | massamedia | - | - | - |
| Mei | May | mei | - | - | - |
| meises | sprinkles | muisjes | - | - | - |
| merek | brand | merk | - | - | - |
| mesin | machine, engine | machine | - | - | - |
| migrasi | migration | migratie | - | - | - |
| minder | not confident | minder | - | - | - |
| misi | mission | missie | - | - | - |
| mobil | car, automobile | automobiel | - | - | - |
| montir | mechanic | monteur | - | - | - |
| motor | motorcycle | motorfiets | - | - | - |
| nut | nut | ||||
| nanas | pineapple | ananas | - | - | - |
| nomer | number | nummer | - | - | - |
| nol | zero/nil | nul | - | - | - |
| November | November | november | - | - | - |
| Oktober | October | oktober | - | - | - |
| om | uncle | oom | - | - | - |
| oma | grandma | oma | - | - | - |
| omzet/omset | revenue | omzet | - | - | - |
| onderdil | components/spare parts | onderdeel | - | - | - |
| ongkos | cost & expenses | onkosten | - | - | - |
| opa | granddad | opa | - | - | - |
| oranye | orange | oranje | - | - | - |
| orgel | pipe organ | orgel | - | - | - |
| otomatis | automatic | automatisch | - | - | - |
| pabrik | factory | fabriek | - | - | - |
| parkir | parking | parkeer | - | - | - |
| parlemen | parliament | parlement | - | - | - |
| paroki | parish | parochie | - | - | - |
| pas | fit | past | - | - | - |
| pastor | pastor | pastoor | - | - | - |
| paviliun | pavilion | paviljoen | - | - | - |
| pelopor | frontrunner | voorloper | - | - | - |
| pénsil | pencil | penseel | - | - | - |
| pensiun | retirement | pensioen | - | - | - |
| perboden | prohibit | verboden | - | - | - |
| permak | alter, transform | vermaken | - | - | - |
| permisi | excuse me; permission | permissie: permission | - | - | - |
| peron | platform | perron | - | - | - |
| pers | press | pers | - | - | - |
| persik | peach | perzik | - | - | - |
| persis | precise, exactly the same, look alike | precies | - | - | - |
| persneling | gear | versnelling | - | - | - |
| plafon | ceiling | plafond, from French | - | - | - |
| polisi | police | politie | - | - | - |
| potlot | pencil | potlood | - | - | - |
| potret | portrait | portret | - | - | - |
| preman | gangster | vrijman: freeman; outlaw | - | - | - |
| prestasi | performance | prestatie | - | - | - |
| prinsip | principle | principe | - | - | - |
| proyek | project | project | - | - | - |
| redaksi | editorial office | redactie | - | - | - |
| rékening | account | rekening | - | - | - |
| reklame | advertisement | reclame | - | - | - |
| rem | brake | rem | - | - | - |
| rentenir | loan shark | renteneer | - | - | - |
| resep | recipe | recept | - | - | - |
| résléting | zipper | ritssluiting | - | - | - |
| resiko | risk | risico | - | - | - |
| rok | skirt | rok | - | - | - |
| rokok | cigarette; smoke | roken: to smoke | - | - | - |
| sakelar | switch | schakelaar | - | - | - |
| saldo | balance | saldo | - | - | - |
| satelit | satellite | satelliet | - | - | - |
| saus | sauce | saus | - | - | - |
| segel | seal | zegel | - | - | - |
| sekop | shovel | schop | - | - | - |
| sekrup | screw | schroef | - | - | - |
| seks | sex | seks | - | - | - |
| seksi | section | sektie | - | - | - |
| selang | water hose | slang | - | - | - |
| sempak | swim briefs | zwempak | - | - | - |
| senewen | jumpy | zenuwachtig | - | - | - |
| September | September | september | - | - | - |
| sepur | train | spoor | - | - | - |
| serius | serious | serieus | - | - | - |
| sertifikat | certificate | certificaat | - | - | - |
| setrika | clothes iron | strijkijzer | - | - | - |
| setrum | current | stroom | - | - | - |
| sinterklas | Santa Claus | sinterklaas | - | - | - |
| sipir | warden | cipier | - | - | - |
| sirkulasi | circulation | circulatie | - | - | - |
| solusi | solution | solutie | - | - | - |
| spanduk | commercial or information banner | spandoeken | - | - | - |
| standar | standard | standaard | - | - | - |
| stasiun | train station | station | - | - | - |
| stopkontak | power socket | stopcontact | - | - | - |
| struktur | structure | structuur | - | - | - |
| suster | nun, nurse, sister | zuster | - | - | - |
| tang | pliers | tang | - | - | - |
| tas | bag | tas | - | - | - |
| tégel | floor tile | tegel | - | - | - |
| teh | tea | thee | - | - | - |
| teknologi | technology | technologie | - | - | - |
| telat | late | te laat | - | - | - |
| telefon | telephone | telefoon | - | - | - |
| televisi | television | televisie | - | - | - |
| tema | theme | thema | - | - | - |
| terompet | trumpet | trompet | - | - | - |
| teori | theory | theorie | - | - | - |
| tinta | ink | tint | - | - | - |
| tomat | tomato | tomaat | - | - | - |
| topik | topic | topic | - | - | - |
| toren | tower | toren | - | - | - |
| traktir | treat | trakteer | - | - | - |
| tustel | camera tools | toestel: device, appliances | - | - | - |
| variabel | variable | variabel | - | - | - |
| vas | vase | vaas | - | - | - |
| versi | version | versie | - | - | - |
| visi | vision | visie | - | - | - |
| voorijder | outrider | voorrijder | - | - | - |
| vulkan | volcano | vulkaan | - | - | - |
| wastafel | sink | wastafel | - | - | - |
| wol | wool | wol | - | - | - |
| wortel | carrot | wortel | - | - | - |
| yuridis | juridical | juridisch | - | - | - |
| yustisi | judiciary | justitie | - | - | - |
From Greek">Greek language">Greek
From Latin">Latin language">Latin
It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage, while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage vs. aktivitas, universiti vs. universitas ).| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Latin word | Latin meaning | Indirect Loanword | Indirect Source | Meaning | Note | Ref |
| ad interim | temporarily | ad interim | ||||||
| activity | ||||||||
| alma mater | alma mater | |||||||
| accompanying person | another self | |||||||
| sivitas akademika | academic community group | civitas academica | academic citizen | |||||
| devotion | devotion | |||||||
| excommunication | excommunication | Dutch | excommunication | |||||
| faculty | faculty | The Dutch loanword ' was used before. | ||||||
| forum | public place, marketplace, forum | Portuguese | ||||||
| sacramental bread | sacramental bread | Dutch | sacramental bread | |||||
| humanities | humaniora | Dutch | ||||||
| Papal internuntius | intermediary, messenger | |||||||
| canonical | canonical | |||||||
| song | Portuguese | |||||||
| cardinal, an official of Catholic Church | hinge | Dutch | cardinal, an official of Catholic Church | |||||
| Congregation | Congregation | Dutch | Congregation | |||||
| concordat | concordat | Dutch | concordat | |||||
| consecration | consecration | Dutch | consecration | |||||
| consistory | consistory | Dutch | consistory | |||||
| quality | Dutch-influenced informal spelling kwalitas is used sometimes. The Dutch word is '. | |||||||
| curia | curia | Dutch | curia | |||||
| Legion of Mary | legion | |||||||
| nil, nothing, zero | ||||||||
| nimbus, dark cloud | ||||||||
| actually, after look carefully, also | examine closely | |||||||
| novena | novena | |||||||
| the offering of worship, thanks etc. to a deity. | offering, gift | |||||||
| 1. chapel, 2. oratorio, a musical composition | place of prayer, oratory | Dutch | 1. chapel, 2. oratorio, a musical composition | |||||
| 1. Catholics religious group, 2. a biological taxonomy level | series, class, group | |||||||
| priest | father | Dutch | father | |||||
| primate | first | |||||||
| a spiritual retreat | to collect again | |||||||
| rector | leader, director, tutor | Dutch | rector | |||||
| prayer beads, especially rosary | a rose garden, rosary | Portuguese | rosary | |||||
| sacrament | sacrament | Dutch | sacrament | |||||
| sacrilege | sacrilege | |||||||
| sacristy | vestry | Dutch | sacristy | |||||
| saint | saint | Portuguese | saint | |||||
| saint | saint | Portuguese | saint | |||||
| secular clergy | of the age | |||||||
| alms | stipend | |||||||
| tabernacle | tent | Dutch | tabernacle | |||||
| university | The Dutch loanword was used before. | |||||||
| vigil | wake, watching, alert | |||||||
| vicar | vicar |
From French">French language">French
From English">English language">English
Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages.| Word | Meaning | Original word |
| astronot | astronaut | astronaut |
| bisnis | business | business |
| diskon | discount | discount |
| elektronik | electronic | electronic |
| gaun | dress | gown |
| gosip | gossip | gossip |
| isu | issue | issue |
| katering | catering service | catering |
| horn | ||
| komputer | computer | computer |
| komplit | complete | complete |
| kondom | condom | condom |
| konter | counter | counter |
| modem | modem | modem |
| moderen | modern | modern |
| partner | partner | partner |
| pilot | pilot | pilot |
| ponsel / HP read:Ha-Pé | cell phone | hand phone |
| pribadi | personal | private |
| radar | radar | radar |
| roket | rocket | rocket |
| sistem | system | system |
| stroberi | strawberry | strawberry |
| target | target | target |
From German">German language">German
There are several words in Indonesian of German origin. German language is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English, German, and Dutch.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | German word | German meaning | Notes | Ref |
| ablaut | apophony | ablaut | apophony | ||
| an sich | by itself, per se | an sich | by itself, per se | possible a Dutch loanword. | |
| auf wiedersehen | good bye | auf wiedersehen | good bye | lit. until we meet again | |
| Aufklärung | Enlightenment | Aufklärung | Enlightenment | The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century. | |
| Ausdauer | endurance | Ausdauer | constancy, endurance, perseverance, persistence, stamina | ||
| Autobahn | Autobahn, freeway | Autobahn | Autobahn, freeway | ||
| Blitzkrieg | Blitzkrieg, a World War II German military tactics | Blitzkrieg | Blitzkrieg | ||
| das Sein | existence | das Sein | existence | ||
| das Sollen | to be intended | das Sollen | should | Sollen expresses moral duty or the suggestion that something ought to be done. | |
| Deutschland über alles | Germany above all else | Deutschland über alles | Germany above all else | ||
| Dichtung und Wahrheit | Poetry and Truth | Dichtung und Wahrheit | Poetry and Truth | ||
| Eisen und Blut | Blood and Iron | Eisen und Blut | Blood and Iron | ||
| entweder oder | choice | entweder oder | choice | Used only in the pair "entweder... oder", like either-or in English | |
| eforus | leader of Batak Christian Protestant Church | Ephorus | superintendent, metropolitan | ||
| firn | firn | firn | firn | ||
| Föhn | Foehn wind | Föhn | Foehn wind | Föhn or foehn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the lee of a mountain range. | |
| Führer | Führer, leader | Führer | Führer, leader | ||
| Geheime Staatspolizei | Geheime Staatspolizei | Geheime Staatspolizei | Geheime Staatspolizei | The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, or the Secret State Police, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. | |
| Gestalt | A collection of physical, biological, psychological or symbolic elements that creates a whole, unified concept or pattern which is other than the sum of its parts, due to the relationships between the parts | Gestalt | 1. shape, form, 2. image of some person, figure, character | ||
| hineininterpretierung | subjective interpretation | hineininterpretierung | subjective interpretation | ||
| Hitler-Jugend | Hitler Youth | Hitler-Jugend | Hitler Youth | ||
| Kulturkampf | Kulturkampf | Kulturkampf | Kulturkampf | Kulturkampf refers to power struggles between emerging constitutional and democratic nation states and the Roman Catholic Church over the place and role of religion in modern polity, usually in connection with secularization campaigns. | |
| Lebensraum | 1. living space, habitat 2. lebensraum | Lebensraum | 1. living space, habitat 2. lebensraum | ||
| nazi | Nazi Party | nazi | Nazi Party | ||
| orpo | Ordnungspolizei | Order Police | Ordnungspolizei | uniformed police force in Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1945. | |
| opelet | A sedan car whose seating arrangement is changed and adjusted as a public vehicle | Opel | Opel | ||
| realpolitik | realpolitik | realpolitik | realpolitik | ||
| Schutzstaffel | Schutzstaffel | Schutzstaffel | Schutzstaffel | ||
| Sitzkrieg | Phoney War, warfare without progress, a stalemate | Sitzkrieg | Phoney War, warfare without progress, a stalemate | ||
| snorkel | 1. snorkel 2. submarine snorkel, snort | Schnorchel | 1. snorkel 2. submarine snorkel, snort | ||
| Sturm und Drang | Sturm und Drang | Sturm und Drang | Sturm und Drang | ||
| überhaupt | at all; anyway; in the first place | überhaupt | at all; anyway; actually; even | ||
| Übermensch | Übermensch | Übermensch | Übermensch | 1. An overman who has overcome his humanity. 2. A member of the proposed Aryan super race. | |
| umlaut | diaeresis | umlaut | diaeresis | ||
| vopo | police | VoPo | volkspolizei | Deutsche Volkspolizei | |
| Zeitgeist | spirit of the age | Zeitgeist | spirit of the age |
From North Germanic">North Germanic languages">North Germanic
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | North Germanic word | North Germanic Language | North Germanic meaning | Notes | Ref |
| fjord | fjord | Danish | fjord | 1. fjord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial erosion. 2. borrowing from Dutch fjord, Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr. | ||
| kjökkenmodding | midden | Danish | midden | |||
| kjökkenmodding | midden | Norwegian | midden |
From Russian">Russian language">Russian
| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Russian word | Russian Transliteration | Russian meaning | Note | Ref |
| glasnost | glasnost | glasnost | publicity | In 1986 the term was used by Mikhail Gorbachev as a political slogan for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. | ||
| Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti | KGB, Committee for State Security | Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti | KGB, Committee for State Security | The KGB, an initialism for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. | ||
| perestroika | perestroika, restructuring of the political and economic system. | perestroika | rebuilding | |||
| rayon | raion, a type of administrative unit | rajón | raion, a type of administrative unit | The term is a loanword from French . | ||
| rubel | ruble, a currency unit | rublʹ | ruble, a currency unit | |||
| samovar | samovar, a kind of water boiler | samovar | samovar, a kind of water boiler | |||
| sputnik | sputnik | spútnik | sputnik, a fellow traveler, satellite |
From Italian">Italian language">Italian
| Indonesian word | Indonesian meaning | Italian word | Italian meaning | Note |
| a prima vista | at first sight | at first sight, Sight-read. | ||
| a tempo | according to original tempo | time, on time, in time | ||
| accelerando | A tempo mark directing that a passage is to be played at an increasing speed. | accelerating | ||
| aggiornamento | bringing up to date, modernization | bringing up to date, modernization | ||
| allargando | decreasing in tempo; getting slower. | to broaden | ||
| allegretto | should be played rather fast and lively | cheerful | ||
| arrivederci | farewell, goodbye, see you later | farewell, goodbye, see you later | ||
| campanilla | bell tower | bell tower | ||
| cantabile | passage is to be played in a lyrical manner | singable, capable being sung | ||
| cavatina | an operatic song in slow tempo | an operatic song in slow tempo | ||
| palazo | ||||
| che sarà, sarà | whatever happens, happens | whatever happens, happens | 1. che sarà, sarà is not a grammatically correct Italian phrase, but rather borrowed from English che sara sara, in turn a popular phrase constructed from Italian words. The grammatically correct Italian phrase is quel che sarà, sarà. | |
| con amore | ||||
| con dolore | ||||
| con molta passione | ||||
| cosa nostra | cosa nostra, Sicilian Mafia | cosa nostra, Sicilian Mafia; lit. our thing | ||
| crescendo | An instruction to play gradually more loudly | An instruction to play gradually more loudly | ||
| da camera | ||||
| da capo | from the beginning | from the beginning | ||
| da capo al fine | from the beginning to the end | from the beginning to the end | ||
| decrescendo | to play gradually more softly. | to play gradually more softly. | ||
| dolce far niente | ||||
| fortissimo | played very loud. | played very loud. | ||
| ghetto | concentrations of other ethnicities and then non-ethnic groups | concentrations of other ethnicities and then non-ethnic groups | ||
| il duce | the Leader | the Leader | ||
| incognito | without being known; in disguise | without being known; in disguise | ||
| larghetto | Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino. | Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino. | ||
| lento | very slow. | very slow. | ||
| lingua franca | lingua franca | lingua franca | Lingua franca is a common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with one another, often a basic form of speech with simplified grammar. | |
| mezzo | ||||
| mezzo forte | ||||
| razia | raid | raid | ||
| vivere pericoloso | vivere pericoloso | to live dangerously |