List of languages by first written accounts

This is a list of languages arranged by the approximate dates of the oldest existing texts recording a complete sentence in the language. It does not include undeciphered scripts, though there are various claims without wide acceptance, which, if substantiated, would push backward the first attestation of certain languages. It also does not include inscriptions consisting of isolated words or names from a language.
In most cases, some form of the language had already been spoken considerably earlier than the dates of the earliest extant samples provided here.
A written record may encode a stage of a language corresponding to an earlier time, either as a result of oral tradition, or because the earliest source is a copy of an older manuscript that was lost. An oral tradition of epic poetry may typically bridge a few centuries, and in rare cases, over a millennium. An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda: the earliest parts of this text may date to 1500 BC, while the oldest known manuscripts date to 1040 AD.
Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD.
For languages that have developed out of a known predecessor, dates provided here follow conventional terminology. For example, Old French developed gradually out of Vulgar Latin, and the Oaths of Strasbourg listed are the earliest text that is classified as "Old French".

Before 1000 BC

Writing first appeared in the Near East at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. A very limited number of languages are attested in the area from before the Bronze Age collapse and the rise of alphabetic writing:

the Sumerian, Hurrian, Hattic and Elamite language isolates,
Afro-Asiatic in the form of the Egyptian and Semitic languages and
Indo-European.

In East Asia towards the end of the second millennium BC, the Sino-Tibetan family was represented by Old Chinese.
There are also a number of undeciphered Bronze Age records:

Earlier symbols, such as the Jiahu symbols, Vinča symbols and the marks on the Dispilio tablet, are believed to be proto-writing, rather than representations of language.

Date	Language	Attestation	Notes
2690 BC	Egyptian	Egyptian hieroglyphs in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen, Umm el-Qa'ab	"proto-hieroglyphic" inscriptions from about 3300 BC
	Sumerian	Instructions of Shuruppak, the Kesh temple hymn and other cuneiform texts from Shuruppak and Abu Salabikh	"proto-literate" period from about 3500 BC ; administrative records at Uruk and Ur from 2900 BC.
c. 2400 BC	Canaanite	Semitic protective spells attested in an Egyptian inscription in the pyramid of Unas	Initial attempts at deciphering the texts failed due to Egyptologists mistaking the Semitic spells for Egyptian, thus rendering them unintelligible.
2400 BC	Akkadian	a few dozen pre-Sargonic texts from Mari and other sites in northern Babylonia	Some proper names attested in Sumerian texts at Tell Harmal from about 2800 BC. Fragments of the Legend of Etana at Tell Harmal 2600 BC.
2400 BC	Eblaite	Ebla tablets
2250 BC	Elamite	Awan dynasty peace treaty with Naram-Sin
	Hurrian	temple inscription of Tish-atal in Urkesh
1700 BC	Hittite	Anitta text in Hittite cuneiform	Isolated Hittite words and names occur in Assyrian texts found at Kültepe, from the 19th century BC.
	Palaic	Hittite texts CTH 751–754
1450 BC	Mycenaean Greek	Linear B tablet archive from Knossos	These are mostly administrative lists, with some complete sentences.
1400 BC	Luwian	Hieroglyphic Luwian monumental inscriptions, Cuneiform Luwian tablets in the Hattusa archives	Isolated hieroglyphs appear on seals from the 18th century BC.
1400 BC	Hattic	Hittite texts CTH 725–745
1300 BC	Ugaritic	tablets from Ugarit
1200 BC	Old Chinese	oracle bone and bronze inscriptions from the reign of Wu Ding

First millennium BC

The earliest known alphabetic inscriptions, at Serabit el-Khadim, appear to record a Northwest Semitic language, though only one or two words have been deciphered.
In the Early Iron Age, alphabetic writing spread across the Near East and southern Europe. With the emergence of the Brahmic family of scripts, languages of India are attested from after about 300 BC.
There is only fragmentary evidence for languages such as Iberian, Tartessian, Galatian, Thracian and Messapian.
The North Picene language of the Novilara Stele from 600 BC has not been deciphered.
The earliest examples of the Central American Isthmian script date from 500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.

Date	Language	Attestation	Notes
1000 BC	Phoenician	Ahiram epitaph
10th century BC	Aramaic	royal inscriptions from Aramean city-states
10th century BC	Hebrew or Phoenician	Gezer calendar	Paleo-Hebrew employed a slightly modified Phoenician alphabet, hence the uncertainty between which is attested to here.
850 BC	Ammonite	Amman Citadel Inscription
840 BC	Moabite	Mesha Stele
800 BC	Phrygian	Paleo-Phrygian inscriptions at Gordion
8th century BC	Sabaean	mainly boustrophedon inscriptions from Yemen
700 BC	Etruscan	proto-Corinthian vase found at Tarquinia
7th century BC	Latin	Vetusia Inscription and Fibula Praenestina
600 BC	Lydian	inscriptions from Sardis
600 BC	Carian	inscriptions from Caria and Egypt
600 BC	Faliscan	Ceres inscription found at Falerii
	Umbrian	text painted on the handle of a krater found near Tolfa
550 BC	Taymanitic	Esk 168 and 177	The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th century BC document from Carchemish.
550 BC	South Picene	Warrior of Capestrano
mid-6th century BC	Venetic	funerary inscriptions at Este
500 BC	Old Persian	Behistun inscription
500 BC	Lepontic	inscriptions CO-48 from Pristino and VA-6 from Vergiate	Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names.
300 BC	Oscan	Iovilae from Capua	Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.
3rd century BC	Gaulish	Transalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script
3rd century BC	Volscian	Tabula Veliterna
260 BC	Prakrit	Edicts of Ashoka	Pottery inscriptions from Anuradhapura have been dated 400 BC.
early 2nd century BC	Tamil	rock inscription ARE 465/1906 at Mangulam caves, Tamil Nadu	5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found in Kodumanal, Porunthal and Palani have been claimed as Tamil-Brahmi, but this is disputed. Pottery fragments dated to the 6th century BC and inscribed with personal names have been found at Keeladi, but the dating is disputed.
2nd century BC	Meroitic	graffiti on the temple of Amun at Dukki Gel, near Kerma
146 BC	Numidian	Punic-Libyan Inscription at Dougga
100 BC	Celtiberian	Botorrita plaques
1st century BC	Parthian	ostraca at Nisa and Qumis
1st century BC	Sanskrit	Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana, and Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions	The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman is the oldest long text.

First millennium AD

From Late Antiquity, we have for the first time languages with earliest records in manuscript tradition. Thus, Old Armenian is first attested in the Armenian Bible translation.
The Vimose inscriptions in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet appear to record Proto-Norse names. Some scholars interpret the Negau helmet inscription as a Germanic fragment.

Date	Language	Attestation	Notes
150	Bactrian	Rabatak inscription
200	Proto-Norse	inscription NITHIJO TAWIDE on shield grip from the Illerup Ådal weapon deposit	Single Proto-Norse words are found on the Øvre Stabu spearhead and the Vimose Comb.
292	Mayan	Stela 29 from Tikal	A brief undeciphered inscription at San Bartolo is dated to the 3rd century BC.
312–313	Sogdian	Ancient Letters, found near Dunhuang
328	Arabic	Namara inscription
350	Ge'ez	inscriptions of Ezana of Aksum
350	Cham	Đông Yên Châu inscription found near Tra Kiêu
4th century	Gothic	Gothic Bible, translated by Wulfila	A few problematic Gothic runic inscriptions may date to the early 4th century.
400	Tocharian B	THT 274 and similar manuscripts	Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents from Krorän dated 300.
430	Georgian	Bir el Qutt inscriptions
450	Kannada	Halmidi inscription	Kavirajamarga is the oldest literary work.
500	Armenian	inscription at the Tekor Basilica	Saint Mesrob Mashtots is traditionally held to have translated an Armenian Bible in 434.
510	Old Dutch	formula for freeing a serf in the Malbergse Glossen on the Salic law	A word in the mid-5th century Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.
second half of 6th century	Old High German	Pforzen buckle
575	Telugu	Erragudipadu inscription	Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.
591	Korean	Sinseong Stele in Namsan
611	Khmer	Angkor Borei inscription K. 557/600
650	Old Japanese	mokkan wooden tablets	Poems in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki have been transmitted in copied manuscripts.
650–700	Old Udi	Sinai palimpsest M13
683	Old Malay	Kedukan Bukit Inscription
7th century	Tumshuqese and Khotanese Saka	manuscripts mainly from Dunhuang	Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries
7th century	Beja	ostracon from Saqqara	-
late 7th century	Pyu	Hpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings of Sri Ksetra
700	Old English	runic inscription on the Franks Casket	The Undley bracteate and West Heslerton brooch have fragmentary runic inscriptions.
732	Old Turkic	Orkhon inscriptions
750	Old Irish	Würzburg glosses	Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.
765	Old Tibetan	Lhasa Zhol Pillar	Dated entries in the Tibetan Annals begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang in 786.
late 8th century	Breton	Praecepta medica	A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton
750–900	Old Frisian	Westeremden yew-stick
800	Old Norse	runic inscriptions
804	Javanese	initial part of the Sukabumi inscription
9th century	Malayalam	Vazhappally copper plate	Ramacaritam is the oldest literary work.
9th century	Old Welsh	Cadfan Stone
842	Old French	Oaths of Strasbourg
862	Old Church Slavonic	religious literature translated by Cyril and Methodius	Developed in the Preslav Literary School and Ohrid Literary School, the two major cultural centres of the Bulgarian Empire.
882	Balinese	dated royal inscription
900	Old Occitan	Tomida femina
959–974	Leonese	Nodicia de Kesos
960–963	Italian	Placiti Cassinesi	The Veronese Riddle is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.
986	Khitan	Memorial for Yelü Yanning
	Konkani/Marathi	inscription on the Gommateshwara statue	The inscription is in Devanagari script, but the language has been disputed between Marathi and Konkani scholars.

1000–1500 AD

Date	Language	Attestation	Notes
972–1093	Slovene	Freising manuscripts
10th century	Romansh	a sentence in the Würzburg manuscript	-
1000	Old East Slavic	Novgorod Codex
1000	Basque, Aragonese	Glosas Emilianenses
1028	Catalan	Jurament Feudal
11th century	Mozarabic	kharjas appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems	Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.
1100	Croatian	Baška tablet
1100	Ossetian	Zelančuk inscription
1106	Irish	Lebor na hUidre
1113	Burmese	Myazedi inscription
1114	Newar	palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Baha, Patan
	Jurchen	stele in Kyongwon	Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun has identified an inscription found on the Arkhara River as Jurchen and dated it to 1127.
1160–1170	Middle Dutch	Het Leven van Sint Servaes by Heinrich von Veldeke
1175	Galician-Portuguese		The Notícia de Torto and the will of Afonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese. A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the Pacto dos Irmãos Pais.
1186–1190	Serbian	Miroslav Gospel
1189	Bosnian	Charter of Ban Kulin
1192	Old Hungarian	Funeral Sermon and Prayer	There are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter of Veszprém and the charter of Tihany.
1200	Spanish	Cantar de mio Cid	Previously the Glosas Emilianenses and the Nodicia de kesos were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.
1200	Finnic	Birch bark letter no. 292
1200–1230	Czech	founding charter of the Litoměřice chapter
1224–1225	Mongolian	Genghis stone
early 13th century	Punjabi	poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar
early 13th century	Cornish	prophesy in the cartulary of Glasney College	A 9th century gloss in De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius: ud rocashaas is controversially interpreted.
1250	Kashmiri	Mahanayakaprakash by Shitikantha
1270	Old Polish	Book of Henryków
1272	Yiddish	blessing in the Worms mahzor
1274	Western Lombard	Liber di Tre Scricciur, by Bonvesin de la Riva
1292	Thai	Ramkhamhaeng stele	Some scholars argue that the stele is a forgery.
	Tigrinya	a text of laws found in Logosarda
1300	Batak
1350	Oghuz Turkic	Imadaddin Nasimi
1369	Old Prussian	Basel Epigram
1372	Komi	Abur inscriptions
early 15th century	Bengali, Assamese and other Bengali-Assamese languages	poems of Chandidas	The 10th-century Charyapada are written in a language ancestral to Bengali, Assamese and Oriya.
1440	Vietnamese	Quốc âm thi tập	Isolated names in Chữ nôm date from the early 13th century.
1462	Albanian	Formula e pagëzimit, a baptismal formula in a letter of Archbishop Pal Engjëll	Some scholars interpret a few lines in the Bellifortis text as Albanian.
1470	Finnish	single sentence in a German travel journal	The first printed book in Finnish is Abckiria by Mikael Agricola.
1470	Maltese	Il Cantilena
1485	Yi	bronze bell inscription in Dafang County, Guizhou
	Tulu	inscriptions in an adaptation of Malayam script

After 1500

Date	Language	Attestation	Notes	-
1503	Lithuanian	hand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed	Katekizmas by Martynas Mažvydas was the first printed book in Lithuanian.	-
1517	Belarusian	Psalter of Francysk Skaryna		-
1521	Romanian	Neacșu's Letter	Cyrillic orthographic manual of Constantin Kostentschi from 1420 documents earlier written usage. Four 16th century documents, namely Codicele Voronetean, Psaltirea Scheiana, Psaltirea Hurmuzachi and Psaltirea Voroneteana, are arguably copies of 15th century originals.	-
1530	Latvian	Nicholas Ramm's translation of a hymn		-
1535	Estonian	Wanradt-Koell catechism		-
1536	Modern Portuguese	by Fernão de Oliveira.	by convention.	-
1549	Sylheti	Talib Husan by Ghulam Husan	earliest extant manuscript found using the Sylheti Nagri script.	-
1550	Classical Nahuatl	Doctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana	The Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana was possibly the first printed book in the New World. No copies are known to exist today.	-
	Standard Dutch	Statenbijbel	The Statenbijbel is commonly accepted to be the start of Standard Dutch, but various experiments were performed around 1550 in Flanders and Brabant. Although none proved to be lasting they did create a semi-standard and many formed the base for the Statenbijbel.	-
1554	Wastek	grammar by Andrés de Olmos		-
1557	Kikongo	a catechism		-
1561	Ukrainian	Peresopnytsia Gospel		-
1593	Tagalog	Doctrina Cristiana		-
1600	Classical Quechua	Huarochirí Manuscript by a writer identified only as "Thomás"	Paraphrased and annotated by Francisco de Ávila in 1608.	-
1600	Buginese			-
1610	Manx	Book of Common Prayer	-	-
1619	Pite Sami	primer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus	Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modern Ume Sami and Pite Sami. First grammar and dictionary in 1738.	-
1638	Ternate	treaty with Dutch governor		-
1639	Guarani	Tesoro de la lengua guaraní by Antonio Ruíz de Montoya		-
1650	Ubykh, Abkhaz, Adyghe and Mingrelian	Travel Book of Evliya Çelebi		-
1651	Pashto	copy of Xayru 'l-bayān in the library of the University of Tübingen	The Pata Khazana, purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.	-
1663	Massachusett	Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God	Also known as the Eliot Indian Bible or the Algonquian Bible	-
1693	Tunisian Arabic	copy of a Tunisian poem written by Sheykh Hassan el-Karray	Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in Classical Arabic.	-
1695	Seri	grammar and vocabulary compiled by Adamo Gilg	No longer known to exist.	-
	Hausa	Riwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka		-
18th century	Língua Geral of São Paulo	Vocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas	Another source is the by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and the by José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. The language is now extinct.	-
1711	Swahili	letters written in Kilwa		-
1728	Northern Sami	Catechism	An early wordlist was published in 1589 by Richard Hakluyt. First grammar in 1743	-
1736	Greenlandic	Grönländische Grammatica by Paul Egede	A poor-quality wordlist was recorded by John Davis in 1586.	-
1743	Chinese Pidgin English	sentence recorded in Macau by George Anson		-
1757	Haitian Creole	Lisette quitté la plaine by Duvivier de la Mahautière		-
1788	Sydney language	notebooks of William Dawes		-
1795	Afrikaans	doggerel verses		-
1800	Inuktitut	"Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries	A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant to Martin Frobisher.	-
1806	Tswana	Heinrich Lictenstein – Upon the Language of the Beetjuana	The first complete Bible translation was published in 1857 by Robert Moffat.	-
1819	Cherokee		Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary	-
1820	Maori	grammar by Thomas Kendall and Samuel Lee	Kendal began compiling wordlists in 1814.	-
1820	Aleut	description by Rasmus Rask	A short word list was collected by James King in 1778.	-
1823	Xhosa	John Bennie's Xhosa reading sheet	Complete Bible translation 1859	-
	Vai		Vai syllabary created by Momolu Duwalu Bukele.	-
1833	Sotho	reduced to writing by French missionaries Casalis and Arbousset	First grammar book 1841 and complete Bible translation 1881	-
1837	Zulu	Incwadi Yokuqala Yabafundayo	First grammar book 1859 and complete Bible translation 1883	-
1839	Lule Sami	pamphlet by Lars Levi Laestadius	Dictionary and grammar by Karl Bernhard Wiklund in 1890-1891	-
1845	Santali	A Santali Primer by Jeremiah Phillips		-
1851	Sakha	Über die Sprache der Jakuten, a grammar by Otto von Böhtlingk	Wordlists were included in Noord en Oost Tartarije by Nicolaas Witsen and Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.	-
1854	Inari Sami	grammar by Elias Lönnrot	Primer and catechism published in 1859.	-
1856	Gamilaraay	articles by William Ridley	Basic vocabulary collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832.	-
1872	Venda	reduced to writing by the Berlin Missionaries	First complete Bible translation 1936	-
1878	Kildin Sami	Gospel of Matthew		-
1882	Mirandese	O dialecto mirandez by José Leite de Vasconcelos	The same author also published the first book written in Mirandese: Flores mirandezas	-
1884	Skolt Sami	Gospel of Matthew in Cyrillic		-
1885	Carrier	Barkerville Jail Text, written in pencil on a board in the then recently created Carrier syllabics	Although the first known text by native speakers dates to 1885, the first record of the language is a list of words recorded in 1793 by Alexander MacKenzie.	-
1885	Motu	grammar by W.G. Lawes		-
1886	Guugu Yimidhirr	notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901.	A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by James Cook and Joseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language.	-
1891	Galela	grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda		-
1893	Oromo	translation of the New Testament by Onesimos Nesib, assisted by Aster Ganno		-
1903	Lingala	grammar by Egide de Boeck		-
1905	Istro-Romanian	Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie by Andrei Glavina and Constantin Diculescu	Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories.
1940	Kamoro	materials by Peter Drabbe	A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of the non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea.	-
1968	Southern Ndebele	small booklet published with praises of their kings and a little history	A translation of the New Testament of the Bible was completed in 1986; translation of the Old Testament is ongoing.	-
1982	Gooniyandi	survey by William McGregor		-

By family

Attestation by major language family:

Afro-Asiatic: since about the 27th century BC
*27th century BC: Egyptian
*24th century BC: Semitic
*7th century AD: Cushitic
Hurro-Urartian: 21st century BC
Indo-European: since about the 17th century BC
*17th century BC: Anatolian
*15th century BC: Greek
*7th century BC: Italic
*6th century BC: Celtic
* 500 BC: Indo-Iranian
*4th century AD: Germanic
*9th century AD: Balto-Slavic
Sino-Tibetan: 1200 BC
* 1200 BC: Old Chinese
*8th century AD: Tibeto-Burman
Dravidian: 200 BC
Mayan: 3rd century AD
Austronesian: 4th century AD
South Caucasian: 5th century
Northeast Caucasian: 7th century
Austroasiatic: 7th century
Turkic: 8th century
Japonic: 8th century
Nilo-Saharan: 8th century
Basque: 1000
Uralic: 12th century
*12th century: Hungarian
* 1200: Finnic
*14th century: Permic
Mongolic: 13th century
Kra–Dai: 13th century
Uto-Aztecan: 16th century
Quechuan: 16th century
Niger–Congo : 16th century
Northwest Caucasian: 17th century
Indigenous Australian languages: 18th century
Iroquoian: 19th century
Hmong-Mien: 20th century
Constructed languages

Date	Language	Attestation	Notes
1879	Volapük		created by Johann Martin Schleyer
1887	Esperanto	Unua Libro	created by L. L. Zamenhof
1907	Ido		based on Esperanto
1917	Quenya		created by J. R. R. Tolkien
1928	Novial		created by Otto Jespersen
1935	Sona	Sona, an auxiliary neutral language	created by Kenneth Searight
1943	Interglossa	Later became Glosa	created by Lancelot Hogben
1951	Interlingua	Interlingua-English Dictionary	created by the International Auxiliary Language Association
1955	Loglan		created by James Cooke Brown
1984	Klingon	'	created by Marc Okrand
1987	Lojban		based on Loglan, created by the Logical Language Group
2001	Atlantean	'	created by Marc Okrand
2005–6	Na'vi	Avatar	created by Dr. Paul Frommer and James Cameron
2009	Dothraki		created by George R. R. Martin and David J. Peterson for Game of Thrones
2013	Kiliki	,	created by Madhan Karky for

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