South East England


South East England is the second most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex.
It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km2, and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million. The headquarters of the region's governmental bodies are in Guildford, and the region contains seven chartered cities: Brighton and Hove, Canterbury, Chichester, Oxford, Portsmouth, Southampton and Winchester, though other major settlements include Reading, Medway, Milton Keynes and Slough. Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to South East England becoming an economic hub, with the largest economy in the country outside the capital. It is the location of Gatwick Airport, the UK's second-busiest airport, and its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe.
The region is known for its countryside, which includes the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills as well as two national parks: the New Forest and the South Downs. The River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley. It is also the location of a number of internationally known places of interest, such as HMS Victory in Portsmouth, Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, Thorpe Park and RHS Wisley in Surrey, Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, Windsor Castle in Berkshire, Leeds Castle, the White Cliffs of Dover and Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, Brighton Pier and Hammerwood Park in East Sussex, and Wakehurst Place in West Sussex. The region has many universities; the University of Oxford is ranked among the best in the world.
South East England is host to various sporting events, including the annual Henley Royal Regatta, Royal Ascot and The Derby, and sporting venues include Wentworth Golf Club and Brands Hatch. Some of the events of the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in the south east, including the rowing at Eton Dorney and part of the cycling road race in the Surrey Hills.

History

The Meonhill Vineyard, near Old Winchester Hill in east Hampshire on the South Downs south of West Meon on the A32, was the site of where the Romano-British grew Roman grapes.

Second World War

Much of the Battle of Britain was fought in this region, especially in Kent. RAF Bomber Command was based at High Wycombe. RAF Medmenham at Danesfield House, west of Marlow in Buckinghamshire, was important for aerial reconnaissance. Operation Corona, based at RAF Kingsdown, was implemented to confuse German night fighters with native German-speakers, and coordinated by the RAF Y Service.
Bletchley Park in north Buckinghamshire was the principal Allied centre for codebreaking. The Colossus computer, arguably the world's first, began working on Lorentz codes on 5 February 1944, with Colossus 2 working from June 1944. The site was chosen, among other reasons, because it is at the junction of the Varsity Line and the West Coast Main Line. The Harwell computer, now at the National Museum of Computing at Bletchley, was built in 1949 and is believed to be the oldest working digital computer in the world.

Scientific heritage

of Kent, introduced the symbol for infinity, and the standard notation for powers of numbers in 1656. Thomas Bayes was an important statistician from Tunbridge Wells; his theorem is used for spam filters and Google's search.
Sir David N. Payne at the University of Southampton's Optoelectronics Research Centre invented the erbium-doped fibre amplifier, a type of optical amplifier, in the mid-1980s, which became essential for the internet. Henry Moseley at Oxford in 1913 discovered his Moseley's law of X-ray spectra of chemical elements that enabled him to be the first to assign the correct atomic number to elements in periodic table; he did not receive any Nobel Prize as it is not awarded posthumously, and he was killed in 1915 at Gallipoli with the Royal Engineers. Carbon fibre was invented in 1963 at the RAE in Farnborough by a team led by William Watt. The Apollo LCG space-suit cooling system originated mostly from work done at RAE Farnborough in the early 1960s.
seen from the air in September 2015; the JANET academic computer network is headquartered there, and connects to Sci-Tech Daresbury in Cheshire
Donald Watts Davies, who went to grammar school in Portsmouth, took over from Alan Turing in developing Britain's early computers, and invented packet switching in the late 1960s at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington. Packet-switching was taken up by the Americans to form the ARPANET; the first computer network was built by Lawrence Roberts and three others at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, built by BBN with Bob Taylor and Paul Baran with Interface Message Processors; TCP was invented in 1973 and adopted as standard in 1981.
The IBM 360/195 at RHEL was the first machine outside of the US to connect to the ARPANET in 1973; the connection went via UCL then Norway to the USA. SRCNet was formed in 1975 which linked Oxfordshire to Cheshire; this became JANET in 1984, which ran on the X.25 protocol. In 1992, Britain had its first webserver at RAL in Oxfordshire, one of only around 50 in the world; Britain's first website; five years later the site was the UK's regional office of the W3C. Early computer animation was developed at RAL in Oxfordshire. Surrey's Alec Reeves invented pulse-code modulation in 1937, the standard for digital audio recordings.
Sir John Herschel, son of the astronomer, from Kent, invented the term photography in 1839, meaning light writing.
and discovered the first photographic fixer, sodium thiosulphate, known as hypo, also in 1839.
GLEEP was Britain's first nuclear reactor, in August 1947 at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell,
and would stay operational until 1990; it was followed by the British Experimental Pile 0 in 1948.
, and led to the common antibiotic doxycycline
William Harvey of Folkestone, in Kent, discovered the circulation of blood. The Lilly Research Centre in Windlesham, Berkshire, part of Eli Lilly, developed Olanzapine in 1996. Beecham Research Laboratories at Brockham Park in 1959 discovered meticillin, the first semi-synthetic penicillin, deriving from their discovery in 1958 of 6-APA, the core constituent; the team, led by Prof George Rolinson, won the Mullard Award in 1971. Bipyridine compounds were discovered for herbicide use in 1954 by William Boon at ICI's Plant Protection division at Jealott's Hill, being released onto the market in 1958. AZT/Retrovir was first manufactured by Wellcome in 1987 in Kent; they also introduced Zovirax, and the naturally occurring digoxin, a cardiac glycoside. After a plane crashed near his house in Oxford in 1940, Sir Peter Medawar helped the injured pilot, and in the process discovered homograft rejection, leading to organ transplantation using azathioprine. Viagra was synthesized at Pfizer in Sandwich, Kent.

Industrial heritage

Sir Francis Pettit Smith of Kent invented the screw propeller. Faversham Oyster Fishery is the oldest company in the world. Maidenhead Railway Bridge is known for its flat arch, built in 1839 with 39-metre spans. The Wealden iron industry in the Weald was the site of the first blast furnace in Britain in 1491, and produced much of Britain's cast iron until the 1770s. Portsmouth Block Mills were the site of the world's first metal machine tools, built for the manufacture of wooden pulleys, invented by Henry Maudslay, and the site of the world's first industrial assembly line in 1803. South Foreland Lighthouse on 8 December 1858 was the world's first lighthouse with electric light, with the first type of industrial electrical generator made by Frederick Hale Holmes, from work he had carried out with Floris Nollet of Belgium, and 36 permanent magnets. By 1880, of the ten lighthouses with electric light, five were in the UK. From the lighthouse in 1899, the first international radio broadcast to France was made. Zénobe Gramme of Belgium made a much better design in 1870 with self-excitation of magnets, and the first modern dynamo. North Foreland Lighthouse was the UK's last-manned lighthouse until 1998.
Portland cement was developed in Northfleet, Kent, by William Aspdin, son of Joseph Aspdin. The development was to heat the ingredients to around 1450C, producing clinker. Previously, temperatures were taken to only 800C, which was not enough. The first ever cement kiln is still in Northfleet today in a cardboard factory. In the late 1800s, the rotary kiln made the process much more efficient. Concrete, effectively man-made stone, is the most widespread man-made material. 5% of all carbon emissions worldwide are from concrete production.
On 16 October 1908 the British Army Aeroplane No 1, flown by the American Samuel Franklin Cody, was the first aircraft flown in the UK, at Farnborough; on 14 May 1909 he flew it for more than a mile. On 13 August 1909, his wife would be the first woman in the UK to fly in a plane, also at Farnborough. The first Harrier aircraft XV738 flew on 28 December 1967; this was the first aircraft of the RAF to have a head-up display avionics system. The first two-seat Harrier XW174 flew on 24 April 1969, later crashing at Larkhill in June 1969. The British Aerospace Sea Harrier XZ450 first flew on 20 August 1978; on 4 May 1982 this aircraft would be hit by anti-aircraft fire at Goose Green, killing the pilot with 800 Naval Air Squadron from HMS Hermes; the aircraft had no radar warning receiver, due to testing the Sea Eagle, so could not detect the Skyguard radar had locked on to it, being destroyed with the Oerlikon GDF of GADA 601; it was the first Sea Harrier lost in the Falklands campaign.
The first manned airborne ejection seat firing took place on 24 July 1946 over Chalgrove Airfield, Oxfordshire, in a Meteor, piloted by Bernard Lynch; the first dummy ejection had been 10 May 1945 over RAF Oakley in west Buckinghamshire ; on 13 March 1962, the first in-flight rocket-powered ejection took place by Peter Howard, an RAF doctor based at Farnborough's Institute of Aviation Medicine in Meteor WA364 at 250 ft over Chalgrove, with the rocket giving a maximum force of 16G. The Miles M.52, designed at Woodley Aerodrome in Berkshire by Miles Aircraft, was an advanced design of aircraft which had the innovation of the flying tail or all-moving tail also known as a stabilator; this would solve the problem of stability and aircraft control at supersonic speeds, and its design was taken wholesale into the American Bell X-1, the first supersonic aircraft.
On 3 May 1830 the world's first passenger train service, the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway built by George Stephenson, began, hauled by the locomotive Invicta and introduced the world's first railway season ticket in 1834. Maidenhead Railway Bridge, known for its flat arch, was built in 1839 with 39-metre spans. The Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment, in Chertsey, developed Chobham armour. On 12 April 1903, the world's first bus service was by Eastbourne Buses from Eastbourne railway station to Meads. ThrustSSC, the fastest car in the world in 1997, was built in Aldingbourne, West Sussex, by G-Force Engineering, designed by Ron Ayers, with further work done by the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency at Farnborough.
network in the Netherlands
UK-Belgium 5 laid in 1986 from Kent was the world's first optical fibre submarine cable, and is 36 miles long. The world's first submarine telephone cable was laid between England and France in 1891 by HMTS Monarch, enabling London-Paris calls from April 1891. On 3 December 1992, Neil Papworth of Reading, an engineer from Sema Group Telecoms at Vodafone in Newbury, sent the world's first text message from his computer to an Orbitel 901 handset of Richard Jarvis, Vodafone's technical director. The first public automatic telephone exchange in the UK was at Epsom telephone exchange from 18 May 1912, and was introduced as standard across the UK's 6,700 telephone exchanges in 1922, lasting for around 70 years; it could handle up to 500 lines, and was the Strowger design and made by Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Company of Liverpool. The world's first automatic telephone exchange had opened in La Porte, Indiana in November 1892.
The BritNed 1000MW power-supply submarine cable from Isle of Grain to Rotterdam, was built in 2009. The HVDC Cross-Channel submarine cable was built in 1986. This is the world's highest-capacity submarine HVDC cable; it goes from France and lands near Folkestone, with the large transformer station squeezed between the CTRL and the M20 in Aldington and Smeeth, made of eight 270kV cables.
Royston Instruments of Byfleet developed the world's first multi-channel flight data recorders in 1965. Although the Comet is generally accepted as the world's first production-run jet airliner, the first jet airliner ever built was a Nene-powered Vickers VC.1 Viking on 6 April 1948 from Wisley Airfield; the world's first turboprop airliner would fly from there on 16 July 1948 by Mutt Summers. In 1939 at Cowes John Godeck invented the plan position indicator method of radar display as most commonly known ever since; the site became Plessey Radar in 1965, and currently is run by BAE Systems. Sperry Gyroscope in Bracknell produced the guidance systems for Britain's 1960s space rockets.
The tallest freestanding structure in the region is the chimney of Grain Power Station at 801 ft; it is the second-tallest chimney in the UK after Drax power station.
George Albert Smith developed the first colour film process, known as Kinemacolor, in 1906 at Southwick, West Sussex. George E. Davis from Slough, is the founding father of chemical engineering. Wiggins Teape, later ARJO Wiggins Fine Papers, had the largest paper research centre in Europe at Butlers Court in Beaconsfield; built in 1891 and vacated in 2009. Bentalls in Bracknell had the first point of sale terminal in Europe - the NCR 280 in 1973.
The National Fruit Collection is the largest collection of fruit trees in the world, at Brogdale, and is next to the M2 at the A251 junction in Ospringe. Scalextric was invented by Fred Francis in 1956, who founded Minimodels in Havant; initially the model cars had been clockwork; it was made from 1967 at Triang in Margate. The world's first Mars Bar was made in Slough in 1932; it was modelled on the Milky Way, popular at the time in the USA. Twix was introduced at Slough in 1967, with production moving to eastern France in 2005. The Ford GT40 was developed by Ford Advanced Vehicles at Slough in the mid-1960s.

Geography

The largest city in the region is Brighton & Hove. The dominant influence on the region's economy is neighbouring London. The highest point is Walbury Hill in Berkshire at.
Britain's tallest native tree, according to The Tree Register in April 2015, is a 144-ft beech at Devil's Dyke in Newtimber Woods in West Sussex.

Historical boundaries

Until 1999, there was a south east Standard Statistical Region, which also included the counties of Bedfordshire, Greater London, Essex and Hertfordshire. The former south east Civil Defence Region covered the same area as the current government office region.

Alternative definitions

In unofficial usage, the South East can refer to a varying area – sometimes only to London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, and Surrey; but sometimes to an area corresponding to the former Standard Statistical Region. The South East is also occasionally used as a synonym for the home counties.

Demographics

See: List of districts in south east England by population
The population of the region at the 2011 census was 8,634,750 making it the most populous English region. The major conurbations of the region include South Hampshire, Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton and Reading. Settlements closer to London are part of the conurbation known as the Greater London Urban Area.
The South East has the highest percentage of people born outside of Britain other than London. Estimates in 2007 state 87.2% of people as White British, 4.8% Other White, 3.5% South Asians, 1.5% Mixed Race, 1.6% Black British, 0.7% Chinese, 0.7% Other.
CensusPopulationChange
1801962,350
18111,072,563 10.3
18211,239,883 13.5
18311,378,755 10.1
18411,561,792 11.7
18511,687,558 7.5
18611,957,208 13.8
18712,226,880 12.1
18812,496,534 10.8
18912,776,842 10.1
19013,093,606 10.2
19113,472,091 10.9
19213,718,228 6.6
19313,995,122 6.9
19414,443,002 10.1
19514,976,340 10.7
19615,738,844 13.3
19716,718,771 14.6
19817,025,593 4.4
19917,677,641 8.5
20018,000,550 4.0
20118,634,750 7.9

Governance

South East England is an official region for statistical and strategic planning purposes, but is not served by any directly elected regional government. From 1998 to 2010 local councils sent to the voluntary South East England Regional Assembly, based in Guildford. Delegates met six times a year and was responsible for the South East England Development Agency, a project which oversaw investment projects in the region. It was abolished on 31 March 2009 and replaced with South East England Councils in Kingston upon Thames. The region is sub-divided into several local councils, most composed of two-tiered council- featuring county and district councils- and unitary authorities:

Westminster seats

The South East of England is the most Conservative voting region of Britain in terms of both seats and votes. The area also has some seats where there is strong support for other parties, for example, Oxford, Slough and Southampton Test for Labour and Brighton Pavilion which is held by the Green Party. Out of 84 parliamentary seats, the Conservatives hold 72. In the 2017 general election, the Conservatives won 54.8% of votes, Labour 28.6%, Liberal Democrats 10.6%, Greens 3.1%, and UKIP 2.2%.

Eurostat NUTS

In the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, South East England is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKJ", which is subdivided as follows:

Education

Schools

Buckinghamshire, Medway and Kent, and Slough have an almost completely selective education system - not just a few grammar schools as other English areas may have - with secondary modern schools as the alternative. Kent has 33 grammar schools, Buckinghamshire 13, Medway 6 and Slough 4. The other areas are comprehensive. In the top thirty schools at A level, it is almost exclusively selective schools; one or two are sixth form colleges. However, the results for each county as a whole are not always directly related to the number of grammar schools, as Kent and Medway perform under average at A-level. The King's School, Canterbury claims to be oldest in England - 597AD. Herschel Grammar School in Slough is the most oversubscribed school in England - 14 people per place, Langley Grammar School in Slough is next with 13 per place, then Burnham Grammar School.
508,000 in the region are at state secondary schools - the highest in England, with 101,000 at Kent, the highest in England for a county and completely selective, then 70,000 in Hampshire, 60,000 in Surrey, 45,000 in West Sussex, 36,000 in Oxfordshire, 35,000 in Buckinghamsire. The lowest is 6,000 at Bracknell Forest, then Reading with about 6,000. Of all regions, the South-East has the greatest percentage that attend a grammar school - 12%; the next highest it the South-West - 6%. The most-educated people in the region live in Elmbridge, then Waverley, and Epsom and Ewell; 33% of people are at this level for the South-East, only second to London at 40%.
The region has highest number of sixth formers, outside of London, in England; the highest number is in Kent, the highest for England, then Buckinghamshire, then Surrey. For state school pupils, there is patchy STEM participation - Hampshire has the most passing STEM subjects in England and in the region, followed by Kent, Surrey and Buckinghamshire. For STEM subjects, Portsmouth is lowest by some distance - almost the worst in England, and also Southampton gets low STEM subject results. Bracknell Forest gets low STEM results, for its economic prosperity, but does not include private schools.
For languages, the best is Kent - the county gets the most A level language passes in England, although Hampshire is a close second. Both counties get more German A level passes than the whole of North East England. Buckinghamshire and Surrey have high language A-level passes. Hampshire gets the most A-level passes in England, again more than North-East England. Although Hampshire is the best at languages, Portsmouth gets the fewest language passes in the region, and some of the lowest in England, with four French A levels, and has only 500 A level passes in total; next lowest is Slough, Bracknell Forest, and Southampton.
Reading School, a grammar, is the state school that gets the highest percentage into Oxbridge in 2010, behind 10 independents, and is also the oldest existing state grammar school in England; above it in the region, of the independent schools are Magdalen College School, Oxford, Guildford High School and Wycombe Abbey. The Kendrick School, also in Reading, gets the 4th highest state school acceptance percentage to Oxbridge and the second highest in England outside of two grammar schools in London. Of the 25 state schools in the top 100 schools getting to Oxbridge, 7 are from the region. Many people from the north of East Sussex go to Kent's grammars, and people on the London-edge of Surrey attend grammars in Kingston upon Thames, and Buckingham's two grammars attract people from nearby Milton Keynes; Buckinghamshire's grammar schools get some of best admissions to Oxbridge in the UK. Surrey has twice as many acceptances into Oxbridge than the whole of Wales; acceptances to Oxbridge are concentrated in 10 counties in the South-East.
1% of those at school in the South-East gained no GCSE passes in 2010; Portsmouth was most with 2.5%, and Windsor and Maidenhead had the lowest with 0.2%. For school free school meals, the region has the lowest percentage in England with 7.2%; the highest percentage is Southampton with 17%, and the lowest is Wokingham with 3.5% ; Buckinghamshire is 4.3%, then Bracknell Forest and Surrey are 4.9%. For truancy, the highest is South Bucks at 7.0, then Canterbury 7.0, Portsmouth 6.9, Thanet 6.9, Southampton 6.4, and Rushmoor 6.1. The lowest truancy percentages are for Tandridge 2.5, Windsor & Maidenhead 2.5, and Slough 2.5.
At GCSE, the area in the South East with the highest results is consistently Buckinghamshire. Berkshire is split into unitary authorities, and Wokingham, Windsor and Slough have the next best GCSE results. All of Berkshire's unitary authorities have results above the England average, with West Berkshire considerably above average. Schools in Surrey and Hampshire also have consistently good GCSE results, and they are above average in Oxfordshire, West Sussex, Kent, Medway, and East Sussex. There are a small number of districts where results are significantly below average including the unitary authorities of Portsmouth, the Isle of Wight, Southampton, Brighton, and the districts of Oxford in Oxfordshire, Adur in West Sussex and Hastings in East Sussex.
There are forty-nine FE colleges in the region. The two main FE colleges are Northbrook College in Sussex and Basingstoke College of Technology in Hampshire. Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshore share an LSC, and Sussex has a combined LSC. The region's LSC office was in Reading, looking after five areas.

Universities

The best known university in the region is the University of Oxford, famous for its ornate colleges and its rowing teams on the Thames. It was ranked the fourth best university in the world by the Times Higher Educational Supplement in 2013.
Other well-known universities include:
By total HEFCE funding, the biggest university is the Open University, followed by Oxford University. The Open and Oxford each receive around three times as much funding as any other university in the region, and Oxford receives the largest research grant in England. The University of Southampton gets the third largest amount of funding, with the next largest research grant, one of the largest in England. Other universities with a large research grant are Reading, Sussex and Surrey. Oxford gets twice as much total income as the next largest, Southampton. Surrey and Reading get the next largest total income.
Oxford and Southampton have the most numbers of students, followed by Brighton. For total students in the region, around 45% are from the region and 35% from other regions. For full-time first degree students in the region, over 35% are from the region, 15% are from London, and 10% each are from the East of England and the South-West; in total, around 70% are from the south of England. Very few are from the North-East or Scotland. Around 35% of the region's native students stay in the region, with 15% going to London and over 10% going to the South-West. In general, for other regions of the UK, the South-East's students are more prepared to study in other regions than those regions' students are prepared to study in the South-East. Once graduated, over 50% stay in the South-East, with 25% going to London, around 5% going to the East of England, and around 10% going to the South-West; around 90% stay in the south of England.

Economy

The South East of England is a very prosperous area with the second largest regional economy in the UK, valued at £177 billion in 2006. GDP per capita in 2007 was estimated at £22,624, compared with a UK average of £19,95air p6, making South East England the second richest region per capita, behind London. The South East England Development Agency is in Guildford, with another site in Chatham. The region's Manufacturing Advisory Service is on the A30 in Hook, north Hampshire The UKTI service for the region is on Victory Park in Whiteley, off junction 9 of the M27, opposite the Solent Hotel.
There are two strategic health authorities for the region - NHS South East Coast in Horley, Surrey, north-east of Gatwick Airport, and NHS South Central, on the Newbury Business Park in the east of Newbury, off the A4. Similarly there is the South East Coast Ambulance Service on the B2163 at Coxheath, on the A217 at Banstead, and on the A277 in Lewes. The South Central Ambulance Service is headquartered on the B4100 next to Bicester Town railway station, with offices at Otterbourne, Hampshire and Wokingham. The charity-funded air ambulances are Kent Air Ambulance at Marden, Kent; Hampshire & Isle of Wight Air Ambulance at Thruxton, Hampshire; Surrey and Sussex Air Ambulance at Dunsfold Aerodrome, Surrey; and the Thames Valley Air Ambulance at RAF Benson.
Many high technology companies are located near the M3 in Surrey and the M4 in Berkshire. Sun Microsystems had their UK base in Blackwater near Camberley until 2009. Microsoft and Oracle have their UK headquarters next door to each other in Reading, as do the Yell Group and Logica. The Gatwick Diamond is also a hub for hi-tech industry, centred at Gatwick Airport with Epsom to the north and Burgess Hill to the south. The largest company, by turnover, in the South East is Vodafone, followed by Ineos.
South-East RegionGDP €GDP per capita €
Berkshire€45.2 bn€51,500
Buckinghamshire€18.6 bn€36,100
Oxfordshire€25.3 bn€38,000
Milton Keynes€12.8 bn€50,300
Brighton & Hove€8.4 bn€30,400
East Sussex CC€11.1 bn€20,800
Surrey€46.6 bn€40,500
West Sussex€24.6 bn€32,000
Portsmouth€6.8 bn€33,000
Southampton€7.4 bn€30,700
Hampshire CC€44.6 bn€33,400
Isle of Wight€2.8 bn€20,300
Medway€5.6 bn€20,900
Kent CC€38.6 bn€25,900
TOTAL€300.5 bn€34.200

Transport

The main road transport routes are along the M1 through Buckinghamshire; the M40 through Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire; the M4 through Berkshire and Buckinghamshire; the M2 motorway/A2 and M20 through Kent; the M23 through West Sussex; the M3 through Hampshire. All these routes connect to the M25, which runs near to and occasionally through the region's border with Greater London.
The A34 provides a north–south road link through Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Hampshire. The east–west corridor through the south of the region is provided by the A27 and the M27.
The main intercontinental airport is Gatwick Airport, with regional airports at Kent International Airport, Shoreham Airport and Southampton Airport. Heathrow Airport is in Greater London but also serves the South East region.
The Great Western Main Line passes through Berkshire, Oxfordshire and southern Buckinghamshire. The South Eastern Main Line and High Speed 1 pass through Kent; the latter connects to the Channel Tunnel. The Brighton Main Line passes through Surrey and West Sussex. The North Downs Line runs from Berkshire then through Surrey to connect with Sussex and Kent. The West Coast Main Line passes through northern Buckinghamshire. The Chiltern Main Line is a major commuter line between Birmingham and London passing through central Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The Port of Dover and the port at Folkestone have many ferry services to France and though none currently run to Belgium.
As part of the transport planning system the Regional Assembly is under statutory requirement to produce a Regional Transport Strategy to provide long term planning for transport in the region. This involves region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the Highways Agency and Network Rail. Within the region the local transport authorities carry out transport planning through the use of a Local Transport Plan which outlines their strategies, policies and implementation programme. The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the South East region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online:
Bracknell Forest U.A., Brighton & Hove U.A., Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Medway U.A., Milton Keynes U.A., Oxfordshire, Portsmouth U.A., Reading U.A., Slough U.A., Southampton U.A., Surrey, Windsor and Maidenhead U.A., Wokingham U.A. and West Sussex.

Berkshire

Companies in Berkshire essentially follow the M4 corridor. In Theale are Nvidia UK and Wolseley, the builders' and plumbers' merchants who own Bathstore and Plumb Center. SPP Pumps is at the Arlington Business Park; on the same estate PepsiCo is next to the GWML railway. Porsche Cars Great Britain is in Calcot, Tilehurst, west of Reading near Theale Interchange. Harley-Davidson UK is in Pangbourne. Vodafone, and High and Mighty are based in Newbury; Bayer UK is to the west; National Instruments UK is to the east off the A4 on the Newbury Business Park, and Quantel was off the A4 and is now Snell, an important video technology company, near Aricent UK.
The Atomic Weapons Establishment is in Aldermaston on the Hampshire boundary. The Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre and Xtrac Limited are at Thatcham. The Royal School of Military Survey is in Hermitage. East of the A34, north of the M4, at Compton since 1992 is the UK HQ of Baxter Healthcare, part of a global company which is working on a vaccine for H1N1, and next door is the Institute for Animal Health, which also researches H1N1.
Retriever Sports, on the Mill Street Ind Est near Slough railway station, is the world's largest manufacturer of darts equipment. Mars Limited has a large chocolate factory, run under the name of Effem Holdings Ltd, also in Slough on the enormous Slough Trading Estate which makes 3m Mars bars a day; nearby is Johnson Controls UK, and ICI Paints, Polyfilla, and Dulux. Horlicks is made by GSK there. Oki UK are based next to Mars. Honda UK, Citroën UK, Fiat UK, Douwe Egberts UK, BlackBerry UK, Black & Decker Europe, Amazon UK, Ingres UK, Telefónica O2 Europe UK and Reckitt Benckiser are also in Slough.
Toyota Material Handling UK is next door to Slough Heat and Power station. Lonza UK makes biopharmaceuticals on the A4. Honda Motor Europe is at the Langley Roundabout of the M4 at Brands Hill, part of Colnbrook with Poyle, and near the Queen Mother Reservoir; on the opposite side of the M4 in Langley is Royal Mail's Heathrow Worldwide Distribution Centre, and next door is Pentax Ricoh Imaging UK, next to Langley's leisure centre.
Hovis, Ben & Jerry's, FM Global UK, and Morgan Crucible, are in Windsor; Nintendo UK is next to the Royal Mews Riding School. Centrica is in Dedworth, next to Windsor Racecourse. Groupe SEB UK is next to Windsor & Eton Riverside railway station and near the castle. CA Technologies UK is at Ditton Park in Datchet, home of the former Radio Research Station until 1979, which discovered the ionosphere in the 1920s. Ledco, near B3020/A329 junction in Sunninghill and Ascot, is the UK distributor of LED Lenser torches, made by Zweibrüder Optoelectronics. Hitachi Europe, Corel UK, NSK Europe, Weight Watchers UK, and The Rank Group are in Maidenhead.
Further east on the A404 is McGraw-Hill UK in Cox Green; other the side of the A404 at the Cox Green Interchange, GSK makes Sensodyne, Corsodyl, Aquafresh, and Macleans; Volvo Cars UK are at Scandinavia House next to GSK; Nortel UK left in 2009. Sanofi Pasteur MSD UK is based next to the Maidenhead council offices. Initial Washrooms Solutions is next to the railway station and on the other side of A308 is Hutchison 3G UK; on the other side of the railway is The Rank Group at the A308 roundabout, in Bray Wick. Adobe Systems have their European HQ on the A4, south of the B4447 roundabout, next to a Sainsbury's. Hanson UK is based at the A4/A308 roundabout; Hitachi Europe is off the A4094 on the northern outskirts towards Cookham at Whitebrook Park, with DS Smith, at the former Formica Research Centre. Avery Dennison UK are based to the north off the A308 at Furze Platt.
Abbott Laboratories UK are based on the Vanwall Business Park; nearby is Costain, Pfizer Consumer Healthcare UK ; Toys "R" Us UK and Mattel UK are opposite each other, with Allied Milling and Baking, and Compuware UK. McNeil Products is at Foundation Park, next to the Great Western Main Line, in Cox Green, south of Maidenhead, with other Johnson & Johnson brands, and Lexmark UK. Bisham Abbey, on the Thames, is a site of one of the National Sports Centres, at the A404/A308 Bisham Roundabout, to the west of Maidenhead. GEO Group UK is off the A4130 in Hurley, on the western edge of the district, with Hospira UK, owned by Pfizer.
BG Group, Prudential plc, Baumatic UK, the Rural Payments Agency, and Guide Dogs for the Blind are in Reading. Primark UK, near Reading Civic Centre, was started by Arthur Ryan in Ireland; it arrived in the UK in 1973 and has bought many former sites of C&A and Littlewoods. North of the railway line is TP-Link UK. Off the A33 towards the Three Mile Cross Interchange in south Reading is the Green Park Business Park, home of Symantec UK, many Cisco offices and Thames Water and to the south is the former Berkshire Brewery and Verizon UK.
Borland UK, Interserve and Mabey Group, the bridge manufacturer, are in Twyford and Cawston Vale is in Hurst. Magal Engineering make clutches and power steering systems at Woodley. Bang & Olufsen UK is in Winnersh; Reliance High-Tech is next to the Winnersh Triangle railway station off the A329 near Symbol Technologies UK. Rockwell Collins UK, is next to Jacobs Engineering UK, at the end of the A3290 near the A4 Sutton Seeds Roundabout, at Suttons Business Park in Earley; on the opposite side of the railway is Thames Valley Park, with Oracle next to ING Direct UK in Earley and Microsoft UK in Woodley; The University of Reading's Reading Scientific Services in Earley is Cadbury's main research centre.
Foster Wheeler UK is in Shinfield in the old headquarters of Berkshire County Council, next to the M4; next door is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on the site of the former Met Office College. Auto Trader Group is in nearby Earley. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers are based at Arborfield Garrison, partly in Barkham, also home of the School of Electronic and Aeronautical Engineering. Pelco UK is at the Mulberry Business Park in south-west Wokingham. Christie Digital Systems is in the centre. Off the B3430 in Wokingham Without, McNeil have a laboratory, south of district.
, former ICI Plant Protection Division
Syngenta UK and Wincor Nixdorf UK are in Bracknell. Boehringer Ingelheim UK is off the A3095 in west Bracknell in Easthampstead; nearby to the north is Waitrose; to the east along the A3095 is Panasonic UK; next door to the south is IHS UK and HHI Europe ; further along the A3095 is BMW ; BMW sold their first model in the UK in 1966, the 2002, and sold 230,000 cars in the UK, a record amount; the UK buys £40bn of German cars. To the south on the Southern Ind Est is Daler-Rowney ; to the west on the Amen Corner Business Park in Farley Wood next to the A329 and the railway, is Dell UK; next door is HP UK to the west; 3M UK is to the north-east, next to Bracknell Bees ice-hockey stadium. Novell UK is on the A329, north of the A322 roundabout at Arlington Square, and next door is Honeywell UK on the A329 at the Skimped Hill Roundabout near the Odeon cinema. Avis Europe is further north at the A322/A3095 Met Office Roundabout near Bracknell and Wokingham College; Imation UK is next door on the roundabout; south of the roundabout is Netgear UK next to the A3095. To the north, Syngenta have their main worldwide research centre at Jealott's Hill, formerly owned by ICI. The Transport Research Laboratory and Broadmoor Hospital are in Crowthorne near the Wokingham boundary.

Surrey

Insurance have their UK headquarters in Guildford as do Ericsson, Colgate-Palmolive UK, Constellation Brands Europe, Electronic Arts, Sanofi-Aventis, the CTC, Surrey Satellite Technology, Avaya UK, and Philips UK. Alexander Dennis is off the A320 at Worplesdon on the north of Guildford on the Slyfield Ind Est, towards Jacobs Well; Wagner Spraytech design power decorating tools nearby. Lionhead Studios and BAE Systems Detica are near the Royal Surrey County Hospital. BOC Gases UK are also in Guildford. UCL's Mullard Space Science Laboratory is high in the Surrey Hills.
Mövenpick Ice Cream UK is off the A248 at St Martha, to the east of Guildford; Vivid Imaginations, in Artington to the south, own the UK rights to Crayola. The former company, now owned by The Linde Group, was based in Windlesham. British Car Auctions is on the A325 in Farnham. Scotts Garden Chemicals are at Catteshall. Motor company McLaren and McLaren Automotive are based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking as are the UK base of Yum Restaurants, SABMiller, BIW Technologies, SPSS, and Capgemini; ISS UK & Ireland is next to the railway on the Sheerwater Ind Est. In the south of Woodham, next to the Basingstoke Canal, is Playtex UK, and to the east is Fernox. Towards Woking along the railway is Pirbright, where Merial Animal Health also make vaccines. Tupperware UK is in Knaphill.
Friends Life have an office in the north of Dorking in the former HQ of Friends Provident and Kuoni Travel are on the former Deepdene estate. Kimberley Clark Europe is in the north of Reigate; Esure and Sheilas' Wheels is on the A25 south of Reigate College; Canon UK is to the south in Woodhatch. SGN is in Horley. Bristow Aviation is at Redhill and the food research centre Campden-BRI is at Nutfield. Cubic Transportation Systems make ticket barriers on the Perrywood Business Park south of Redhill, and were responsible for the Oyster card next door is Rapiscan Systems Europe.
In the area straddling the M25, the huge Compass Group is based in Chertsey as is Samsung UK, Siemon UK, Crest Nicholson, Kone UK, the business facilities company Regus, and Britax; Papa John's Pizza UK is off the A320 near the M25; SAGEMCOM UK and Ubisoft UK are both on the B375. Juniper Networks UK, Pandrol UK, and Royal Caribbean Cruises UK are in Addlestone; at Hamm Moor on the A317 and Weybridge Business Park is Thales Group UK and the UK corporate headquarters of Toshiba, who have another base in Camberley; further west along the A317 is Aviator Park, on the B3121, a former main research site of Plessey Radar, later GEC Marconi.
Near Weybridge are the UK headquarters of Sony with SSP Group and Procter & Gamble with Kia Motors UK and Petroleum Geo-Services UK, and Gallaher Group is to the north, next to the Brooklands Museum; to the east is Verint Systems UK on the B374. In Weybridge are the local newspaper group Newsquest, Yamaha Motors UK; BAE Systems Regional Aircraft is on the Brooklands Ind Park off the A318. On Sprint Ind Est in Byfleet, west of Weybridge, off the A318, AIM Altitude make cabin galleys for airliners. The Central Veterinary Laboratory, which is run by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, with the Animal and Plant Health Agency, is in New Haw to the west on the other side of the M25. Mouchel is in West Byfleet.
Air Products UK is in Walton-on-Thames. Atkins, the civil engineering company, and are in Epsom; Sartorius UK is to the north off the B284 next to the railway; Toyota UK is on the A240 at the B284 junction at Great Burgh, Tattenham Corner, at the site of the former R&D HQ of SmithKline Beecham from 1979 until the mid-1990s before their research centre moved to Harlow; Toyota arrived in the UK in 1965 with their Corona, and have made 3m cars in the UK. Legal & General have their largest office near Kingswood railway station. Dairy Crest is in Esher. Ian Allan Publishing is at Hersham. SHL Group is just to the north-east at Thames Ditton. Samaritans is in Ewell. Ann Summers is in Whyteleafe near Caterham. Caterham Cars sales and marketing offices are in Caterham. Swiftcover is on the A307 in the west of Cobham; further to west on the A245 is Berkeley Group Holdings, and Europa Technologies is on the A245 opposite Waitrose; Cargill Europe is on the eastern edge. Pfizer UK is at Walton Oaks next to the B2032 bridge over the M25 at Walton-on-the-Hill.
Edmund Nuttall and Krispy Kreme UK are in Camberley; Alfa Laval UK is on the Yorktown Ind Est, in York Town off the A331 near Stihl UK with a technical centre of Toshiba on the other side of the A331; to the south on Watchmoor Park off the A331 are Adaptec UK and Fluor UK, with Bisque Radiators UK, Trescal UK, and Zodiac Seats UK. Further south in Frimley Green, home to the Lakeside Leisure Complex, between the B3411 and the railway is S.C. Johnson UK and their Glade air freshener factory. Opposite Albany Park over the A331 is Frimley Business Park, with AMD UK, off M3 junction 4 next to the A331; nearby is Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK and Alcon UK. Further along the A325 towards Frimley at the B311 roundabout is Siemens UK. Frimley has Amer Sports UK on the B3411 Lyon Way Ind Estate, with VMware UK. Zoggs is in Lightwater, near the M3 Bagshot Interchange.
ExxonMobil UK, part of the largest oil company in the world, is in the east of Leatherhead, next to the M25 towards Ashtead at ExxonMobil House, off the A24 ; ExxonMobil, in 2010 by revenue, was the world's second largest company, second to Royal Dutch Shell. In the town is the research centre Leatherhead Food International with the Wates Group nearby, opposite Leatherhead railway station, Unilever Bestfoods, and to the south is Robert Dyas; Puma UK is east of Unilever near the M25 and A243. Harsco UK is off the B2430. On the B2122 in Fetcham, to the west of Leatherhead, is the UK division of Carrier, the world leaders of air conditioning. Rowlett Rutland in Bookham is Britain's only manufacturer of toasters, next to Bookham railway station and Photo-Me International.
Although BP has its international headquarters in central London, most of its UK division with Air BP UK is headquartered at Sunbury-on-Thames, and the UK's third largest company by stock market value; nearby is Kingston Technology Europe, just inside the Surrey boundary; ADT UK is at the end of the M3 in Sunbury, and Chubb UK is on the other side of the roundabout, and M3. Enterprise Rent-a-Car UK is near Thorpe, near to Cemex UK and Thorpe Park. Shepperton Studios is next to Littleton.
Del Monte Foods UK is in Staines-upon-Thames on the side of the A30 and Dalkia UK is on the A308; British Gas is on the A308 in Pooley Green nearby to the west, with Salesforce.com UK at Lotus Park, next to Dow Chemical UK. Kerry Foods UK are based on the B388, east of the M25, in the south end of Pooley Green at Thorpe Lea. Cisco Videoscape, on the A308 in Birch Green, makes software for digital set-top boxes worldwide for the pay TV industry.

Buckinghamshire

High Wycombe is known historically for its furniture industry, and has the Association of Master Upholsterers & Soft Furnishers. Hyundai UK and Tetra Pak UK are at Wycombe Marsh on the A40, and Dreams, the UK base of Ariston, Wilkinson Sword, Merisant UK, and Staples are based in High Wycombe; Cofely and Rank Hovis are off the M40 Handy Cross Interchange, with The Perfume Shop, the food technology centre of Premier Foods, and Instron Europe, off the A4010. To the north of the town centre is Sennheiser UK. RAF High Wycombe is at Bradenham on Grim's Ditch off the A4010. To the west of the town, United Biscuits have their group technical centre on Sands Ind Estate, off the A4010, near the rugby ground of London Wasps. Swedish Match UK are in Totteridge. Johnson & Johnson UK have their base at Booker next to the M40 near Handy Cross, with Janssen-Cilag UK ; Taylor Wimpey is off the A4010, with Focusrite, a big industry player in consoles for sound recording, with Novation Digital Music Systems MIDI controllers and keyboards.
Pilot Pen UK is on the Wessex Road Industrial Estate in Wooburn and Bourne End; Psion Teklogix UK is in the middle of Bourne End, east of Marlow, on the A4155 ; nearby are Kawasaki UK and Nuance Communications UK. In Wooburn Green, to the east off the A4094 is Menarini UK Takeda UK. Wyeth UK is in Burnham, next to the M4 Huntercombe Spur junction. Saclà Italia UK is in Beaconsfield; Grünenthal UK is off the Stokenchurch Interchange of the M40.
The UK base of Robert Bosch is in Denham. Martin-Baker is in Higher Denham, and InterContinental Hotels Group is in Denham Green at Broadwater Park on the A412. On the edge of Uxbridge, but on the Buckinghamshire side of Shire Ditch in Denham is Amgen UK, Bristol-Myers Squibb UK, and Mondelēz International UK ; on the other side of the A4020 in the south of Denham next to River Colne, on the Great London boundary, is Medirest, Eurest, at the HQ of Compass Group UK. Pioneer UK is in Stoke Poges on the former site of the Fulmer Research Institute; Hitachi Data Systems EMEA is at Sefton Park on the B416, now home of Urenco Group.
DX Group, are next to Muller Martini UK, and Cummins have a design plant at Rideway Trading Est next to the M25 at Iver; Pinewood Studios is in Iver Heath; it takes its name as it is next to the adjacent pine trees in the 530 acres of Black Park. Avid Technology UK is also based at Pinewood. Timberland Europe is at Wexham Springs, in Wexham west of Pinewood Studios in the same place is Servier Laboratories UK and Sun Chemical Europe. STMicroelectronics UK, is based next to Trend Micro UK on Globeside Park at Marlow, next to the A404 and nearby are Expansys and Whistl, both north of Marlow railway station; Techtronic Industries UK is on the same estate. Dun & Bradstreet UK is on the A404 bypass at the A4155 Westhorpe Interchange. GE Healthcare has its world HQ in Little Chalfont. Uniq plc was in Chalfont St Peter, next to the A413 and River Misbourne, off the B416 Kingsway Roundabout, next to Citrix UK; Doro UK are off the A413. Bahlsen UK is in Gerrards Cross off the B416.
NT CADCAM in Haddenham is the UK distributor of the industry-standard SolidWorks CAD software package; Schwartz UK and McCormick UK, the parent company of Camp Coffee, is near Haddenham and Thame Parkway railway station off the A418 between Thame and Aylesbury. Acco UK, who own Rexel and GBC, are on the A418 in Aylesbury, opposite Aylesbury College; Askeys have made ice cream cones since 1965 next to the A4157 and Grand Union Canal. Demag Hamilton who make plastic injection-moulding machines, is based on the Triangle Business Park on the A413 next to the railway in Stoke Mandeville. Maurer UK based is off the B4011 at Long Crendon, who make expansion joints for bridges; on the same estate is Terex Demag UK, and Unic UK. Arla opened its huge Aylesbury dairy in Aylesbury in 2014, on the A41 Aston Clinton bypass. Arla Aylesbury is a fresh milk processing facility with 34 acres; its plastic bottles are made on-site by Alpla.
company and shops, and since 2016 has been owned by Sainsbury's, formerly Home Retail Group
Milton Keynes is home to many national companies such as Santander UK operations. The Home Retail Group, Filtrona and BP Oil UK are in Central Milton Keynes. Network Rail is headquartered at. Rightmove is in Winterhill, Campbell Park. Nearby, on the other side of A5, Loughton is the home of the National House Building Council, the National Energy Foundation, and the former Atmosphere Bars and Clubs west of the A5, near Central MK; Leica Geosystems, on the same estate, is opposite the NHBC, and the Parcelforce HQ is nearby; to the south of Loughton is Korg UK and Vox, just north of the National Bowl, off Watling Street; to the west of Loughton at the Crownhill Ind Est in Shenley Church End, SMC Pneumatics have their European Technical Centre.
Further north, Luminar Leisure is in Rooksley, Bradwell at the A5/A509 junction near the National Badminton Centre. To the west, the European HQ of WD-40 and Rockwell Automation UK are in Kiln Farm, Bradwell Abbey; Ingram Micro UK is in Abbey Hill west of the A5, near Sysmex UK and Volkswagen Group's National Learning Centre. To the north, NEFF UK, Gaggenau UK, and BSH Home Appliances are in Wolverton and Greenleys; opposite is Mars Horsecare UK; Electrolux have their distribution centre next to the WCML and Wolverton station.
To the east, near the M1 and the A422 in Great Linford, Chrysler UK, Scania UK, Rohan, Makita UK and Mercedes-Benz UK are in Tongwell; VAG UK is opposite in Blakelands on the north side of the A422 opposite Tongwell Lake. DRS mark exam papers by electronic data capture at Linford Wood, south of the A422 and Stantonbury, near Leica Microsystems; Mitsubishi Pencil Company UK is off the A422 at the B4034 Redbridge Roundabout; H. Bronnley & Co. is on the site of a factory used to build the GEC-Marconi AI.24 Foxhunter radar in the 1980s.
In the south-east of Milton Keynes, The Open University is in Walton Hall, in Walton; BT Development & Training is based at Kents Hill, next to the OU, after it moved from Bletchley Park in 1993; south of the OU is Walton Manor, home of MSD Animal Health. Red Bull Racing is off the A4146 in Tilbrook south of the OU, Bow Brickhill; nearby is Jungheinrich UK in Walton near Bow Brickhill railway station, and Yamaha Music Europe; north of Tilbrook on the A4146 is Walker Greenbank. Fisher & Paykel UK are in Kingston, Milton Keynes Village; Dwell Retail is next to A421/A5130 Kingston Roundabout to the south at Brinklow, and nearby is Duravit UK ; in Kingston off the A421 is Domino's Pizza Group, next to Alpla UK, and Koyo UK. John Lewis and River Island have their large Magna Park distribution centre to the east on the A421 in Wavendon.
In the south-west of Milton-Keynes, Chemetall, a chemical company, is in Denbigh West, Bletchley, near Marshall Amplification, near Denbigh Roundabout ; Yokohama UK is at Mount Farm, north of Denbigh West, next to the A5 make polypropylene compounds; Tesco's grocery NDC at Fenny Lock, to the south, closed in August 2011, and was Britain's biggest supermarket depot. Suzuki GB is on the A421 near B4034 roundabout at Tattenhoe in Shenley Brook End on the south-western edge. Welcome Break is at the M1 service station in Newport Pagnell, where Aston Martin had a factory until 2007. FCO Services and HMGCC are at Hanslope Park, a rural area north of Milton Keynes, a mile west of the M1.

Hampshire

The Army have a large garrison in Aldershot, with Sandhurst being nearby. Elica also make extractor hoods in Aldershot, and the European HQ of the Computer Sciences Corporation consulting firm is based at the A323/A325 roundabout; Securikey on Springlakes Ind Est make digital door locks near the railway bridge over the Basingstoke Canal. Rentokil Initial have their head office and pest control division next to Blackwater railway station, north of the A30, towards Camberley. Farnborough has many international aerospace companies as well as Sofa Workshop. Nokia UK, which had also been a R&D base for Nokia Siemens Networks on the A327, left in 2012; further along the A327 is Autodesk UK.
DKB Household UK is off the A327 in North Farnborough; at the A325/A327 roundabout is Parametric Technology Corporation UK with Red Hat UK. Thomson Local directory is on the A325 next to Farnborough railway station, next to the Catholic National Library; opposite is the design centre for Qualcomm UK with Hogg Robinson Group UK. BAE Systems with CORDA is south of the airfield at the Farnborough Aerospace Centre, off the A325/A3011 Queen's Roundabout. Sun Microsystems had their UK headquarters at Guillemont Park north of the M3 Minley Interchange at Blackwater and Hawley, until 2009.
The Ford Southampton plant of Ford, near Southampton Airport and Stoneham Interchange of the M27, closed in July with production of the Transit moving to the Ford Otosan plant in Gölcük, Kocaeli. Skandia Insurance have their UK base there. Carnival Corporation & plc, the world's largest cruise ship operator, has one of its two headquarters at Carnival House. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency is in the town centre near the A3057. Swatch UK are based near Millbrook Flyover.
B&Q and Draper Tools are based in Chandler's Ford, also Pips Technology who make ANPR cameras. Prysmian Cables & Systems, who make high-tension electric cables, communication cables and fire-resistant cable, are off the B3037 in Eastleigh, next to a rail servicing plant and the River Itchen. Bacardi-Martini and London Camera Exchange are in Winchester and four miles north-west, Arqiva are based in Crawley, Hampshire. IAC UK, an acoustics company, is off the Winnall Interchange north of Winchester. The Adjutant General's Corps HQ is at Worthy Down Barracks off the A34 north of Winchester at Kings Worthy, since 2012 the home of the Defence School of Personnel Administration. Hyland Edgar Driver, the landscape architect for the Olympic Park is on the B3354 in Colden Common, west of Winchester. To the north-west, the Leckford Estate, with Longstock Park, next door provides much of the milk, mushrooms, fruit, honey and free-range chicken for Waitrose; John Spedan Lewis, founder of John Lewis, lived there until his death in 1963.
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Garmin Europe is in Hounsdown just west of Southampton. Esso has its main UK refinery at Fawley ; north of Fawley is Polimeri Europa UK off the A326, which makes elastomers, and next door is GEO Specialty Chemicals UK. Ineos, the third largest chemicals company in the world, is in Lyndhurst in the New Forest. Roke Manor Research at Roke Manor at Romsey Extra developed the Hawk-Eye system in 2001. Cannon Technologies next to the railway in the west of New Milton make computer ancillary equipment and data centres. The Ordnance Survey have a new headquarters at Nursling and Rownhams, off the M271 Nursling Interchange. Berthon Group make and repair boats in Lymington. On the A337 in Mudeford in the east of Christchurch is a large BAE Systems radar site.
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Best Buy Europe is in Hedge End; SPI Lasers make fibre lasers for optical fibres; Glen Dimplex have an HQ north of the A334. Chemring Group, Boskalis Westminster and the National Air Traffic Services are in Fareham near Zurich Insurance UK. At Locks Heath off the A27 further south at Kite's Croft Business Park is Estée Lauder UK and the scrapped South East Regional Control Centre. On the opposite side of the A27 on Funtley Ind Est is Eaton Aerospace, who have their Fuel & Motion Control Systems Division, which is the former Abbey Works site of Plessey Dynamics and Plessey Aerospace. Nearby, Tallent Automotive have their Fareham Plant. Meggitt Avionics are south of the ONS, which makes flight deck displays, flight recorders, threat warning indicators and oxygen systems for aircraft.
Raymarine Marine Electronics off the A27 at Titchfield is the world's leading leisure marine electronics company. TÜV SÜD UK are next to Gemalto UK, who make chip and PIN cards, at Segensworth between the railway and the M27; further along is CooperVision, who make contact lenses, and next door is Turbomeca UK. GE Aviation, on a site which was formerly Folland Aircraft then BAe Aerostructures, has a factory at Hamble-le-Rice which makes composites for airframes and racing cars, using products such as Bismaleimide resin. Crewsaver, Covidien UK, and Wickham Laboratories are off the A32 at Fleetlands,, south of Fareham, and north of DM Gosport, which handles the Navy's armaments including Sea Skua, Sea Wolf, the Eurosam Aster, Sea Dart, and GEC-Marconi Sting Ray. Camper and Nicholsons closed their Gosport boatyard in 2005.
Kenwood, owned by De'Longhi since 2001, have a factory at West Leigh, Havant; next-door, Sumika Polymer Compounds, and Pfizer have plants on New Lane Ind Est next to the railway. Lockheed Martin U.K. is at the Langstone Technology Park off the A3023, near the A27, at Brockhampton, near to Apollo Fire Detectors, Jobsite, and Pains Wessex ; Lewmar makes anchors, winches, rigging and boat steering systems; SSE plc have their main southern HQ on the Southmoor Lane Ind Est next door. European Exhaust & Catalyst is at Denmead. Paradigm Secure Communications control the UK's Ariane-launched Skynet military satellites from former the RAF Oakhanger off the A325 west of Bordon.
Southwick House, off the B2177 in Southwick and Widley, is the home of the Defence School of Policing and Guarding and the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Military Police. VT Group is based in Hedge End, with VT Education & Skills and VT Flagship based in North Harbour, Portsmouth. Near the A2030/A27 Farlington Roundabout in east Portsmouth, Airbus Defence and Space at Anchorage Park near Hilsea railway station, make payloads for the Galileo navigation system, at its Broad Oak Works, with SELEX Elsag and BAE Systems on the former Portsmouth Airport; GKN Aerospace situated at the former make aviation self-sealing fuel tanks; City Technology, off the A2030, are global leaders in gas sensors; Atmosphere Control International in Portsmouth make the air purifiers for the British and French nuclear submarines. PALL Europe is based on the Harbourgate Business Park, on the opposite side of the M27 from Port Solent. Much of the Royal Navy is based at HMNB Portsmouth with BAE Systems Surface Ships; Navy Command Headquarters is at Whale Island, next to the M275. IBM is headquartered in Cosham, North Portsmouth, with large laboratories in Hursley House.
Lenovo UK and Serco are at Bartley Wood Business Park, off the B3349, with Virgin Media ; next door is First Drinks, a whisky distributor owned by William Grant & Sons, Trimble Navigation UK and HP Enterprise Services Defence & Security UK. The Police Staff College, Bramshill, the Police's main training centre, is nearby to the north; the European Police College was at Bramshill until 2014 when it moved to Budapest. MJ Gleeson, the construction firm, is in Blackwater and Hawley near Fleet, next to the M3; Festo GB is next to M3 on Ancells Business Park, next to Rohde & Schwarz UK. Vertu, division of Nokia makes luxury phones at Church Crookham. CV-Library is in Fleet; Conair Group are at the nearby Waterfront Business Park.
in Basingstoke
The AA, Scott Wilson, Genus plc, and Winterthur Life are based in Basingstoke. The pharmaceuticals group Eli Lilly UK, with Elanco UK, is in Norfolk House in Houndmills east of the North Hampshire Hospital, the main home for Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; also in Houndmills are Fyffes UK, and GAME Group, with Gamestation, which it bought in 2007; Palgrave Macmillan, a leading worldwide trade publisher with the Pharmaceutical Press, is south of A339 and hospital. Thales Missile Electronics is in central Basingstoke near the A3010/A339 junction, which makes parts for the Brimstone missile. On the Hampshire International Business Park, next to Chineham in the north-west off the A33, are Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc and Alberto-Culver UK; Shire is Britain's third-largest pharmaceutical firm, founded in 1986 outside of Basingstoke, and now has 5,000 employees.
On the Chineham Business Park is the Gas Safe Register, and Hama UK ; Peek Traffic, south of Shire, is one of two companies in the UK that make traffic signals. Motorola UK, next-door to Meggitt Sensing Systems, and De La Rue are on the Viables industrial estate next to the M3 and Cranbourne; BD UK makes Alaris infusion pumps, medical ventilators and automated dispensing cabinets. De La Rue have a main banknote printing works at Overton Mill in Overton, to the west towards the A34, and a holographics factory on the Daneshill industrial estate, in the west of the town; De Dietrich UK are near a plant of Thermo Fisher Scientific UK, and Boeing Defence UK. Mars Drinks is north of the railway, south of Daneshill. Further west, Kyoeisha UK is at Mapledurwell and Up Nately next to the M4 and south of Old Basing, off the A30. Masuri is based at Dummer near the Popham Interchange.
Gale Cengage UK are in the east of Andover, off the A3093 on Walworth Industrial Estate; further south are Twinings and to east of the estate is Stannah Lifts, next to Petty Wood, owner of the Epicure food brand, with Le Creuset UK ; Euronics UK is further west. To the north-west, Ecophon UK are at Ramsdell, Wootton St Lawrence. The Army Air Corps trains at AAC Middle Wallop, off the A343. Britten-Norman make turboprop aeroplanes on the Isle of Wight. The Danish Vestas closed the UK's only wind turbine factory on the Isle of Wight in 2010, and Vestas Technology have a research site in Northwood; Stainless Games developed Carmageddon. GKN Aerospace at East Cowes make engine nacelles, with its Composites Research Centre, in the former main plant of Saunders-Roe. Ratsey and Lapthorn make sails at Cowes.

Sussex

The RSPCA is on the A24 in Southwater, south of Horsham. Campina UK is in Horsham. Dunkin' Donuts UK on the B2237 in the south of Horsham centre at the Prewett's Mill Roundabout in the same building as Beam Global UK, and its subsidiary Thomas Lowndes & Co. RSA Insurance Group has its main office in Horsham, straddling the A281, including the More Th>n offices. Novartis manufacture and their large Horsham Research Centre is next to railway in North Horsham; Novatis Consumer Health own Lipsyl, Otrivin, and Savlon.
The Caravan Club is in East Grinstead, with Rentokil Specialist Hygiene, and Initial Medical Services. Roche Diagnostics UK headquarters and CAE Inc. UK are in the Victoria Business Park off the A273 in the west of Burgess Hill near Tesco; further to east is the HQ of Filofax, and Heidenhain GB, who make linear encoders for CNC machines.
Southern Water is on the A2032 in Durrington, Worthing; Durrington Bridge House on the Barrington Road Ind Estate, next to Durrington-on-Sea railway station, in Goring-by-Sea has HMRC's national office for its Voluntary Arrangement Service and members voluntary liquidation, company administrations, and voluntary arrangements. GSK in east Worthing is the former Beecham Pharmaceuticals, on the western edge of Sompting, which makes antibiotics such as Augmentin; to the south of GSK on the same estate is Electronic Temperature Instruments, a worldwide manufacturer of thermometers, and the UK's largest manufacturer of digital thermometers. B & W is an important loudspeaker company in the north of Worthing at the A2032/A24 junction in West Tarring. Eurotherm make temperature controllers.
Virgin Atlantic is off the A23, with Paslode UK next-door, on the Manor Royal Ind Estate in the north of Crawley, as is Edwards, an international engineering company that makes vacuum pumps, with another plant on the A259 in Kingston by Sea, Shoreham. Also on Manor Royal are the headquarters of Spirent, G4S, Doosan Babcock Energy, Pilz UK and TUI Travel PLC with TUI Airline Management. Air Miles is on Fleming Way Roundabout of the A23 north of Crawley in the former headquarters of British Caledonian, at County Oak retail park, and to the west is the British Dualit brand of catering electrical equipment.
Nestlé UK is now based since 2013 at City Place Gatwick, off the A23, next to the Civil Aviation Authority. To the south, on the east of Manor Royal, is Monier Redland and ARINC UK, and a large site of Thales, with its civilian aircraft simulation TTS division ; much of Thales in Crawley is the former Mullard, who made radars, and Thomson Racal Defence Electronics ; Thales in Crawley make much of the Royal Navy's electronic systems. UK Power Networks is south of Manor Royal in Three Bridges; SEEBOARD was based on the A23 in Broadfield. Invensys have many sites in Crawley. Plumbase on A2219 in West Green north of the town centre near Crawley Leisure Park. WesternGeco is at the end of the Gatwick Interchange M23 spur.
Colas Ltd is in Worth, east of Crawley. The former ICI Agrochemicals research department was at the Fernhurst Research Station at Fernhurst. Wiley UK is in Chichester next door to Shippam's Foods. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars make vehicles at Westhampnett off the A27. Vie at Home is at Tangmere; Philips Respironics UK is at Tangmere airfield. BLOC Systems make eyewear in Billingshurst, and Hayes UK make plumbing supplies on the Huffwood Trading Est on the other side of the railway.
MTU UK are on the Birches Ind Est at the A22/A264 junction in Felbridge; nearby are Thermo Fisher Scientific UK and Jencons UK. Cats Protection is at the National Cat Centre on the A275 in Danehill in the Ashdown Forest. The Body Shop is at the A259/B2187 Body Shop Roundabout in Toddington, Littlehampton. Palmer and Harvey is in Hove; Ticketmedia, the UK's main ticket advertising company, is off the A270 at Aldrington, and Hosiden Besson, near Aldrington railway station, makes telephone equipment; a Legal & General main office is on the A2023 next to Hove Park. C Dugard is at the A2023/A270 junction. American Express UK is in Brighton. EDO MBM near Moulsecoomb railway station makes electrical equipment for the Brimstone missile. Neilson Active Holidays are off the A259 at Brighton Marina near Roedean School. Elektromotive is at Falmer.
Jones Bootmaker head office is based in Eastbourne; Alfa Laval UK have a manufacturing plant at Birch Road Ind Est, off the A2290 near the A259 roundabout. Franken UK is off the B2191 at Pevensey, to the north-east. Smith & Ouzman, a security printing company off the A22/A2290 Lottbridge Roundabout prints exam papers, ballot papers and examination certificates; it printed the UK's driving licences until 2001. Ricardo plc, the engineering consultancy, is on the A27 next to Shoreham Airport and River Adur. Merrydown cider was formerly made in Horam until 2004, when it was bought by SHS Group of Belfast. Páramo Directional Clothing and Nikwax are on the B2099 in Durgates, in Wadhurst, East Sussex, towards the Kent boundary. Notifier UK is in South Malling in Lewes, also the HQ of Morley-IAS UK, who make fire alarm control panels.

Kent

is next to Rochester Airport and the M2, where they make helmet mounted displays and head-up displays; it was GEC Avionics, previously Marconi Avionics and Elliott Flight Automation, and Kent's biggest employer in the 1980s; the display technology originated from acquiring Cintel in 1963; the site was a Shorts factory in the war, and built many Short Sunderlands. The Royal Engineers and the Royal School of Military Engineering are based in Chatham at Brompton Barracks. London Thamesport is on the Isle of Grain. Metsä Board UK is off the A289 near Medway Tunnel, and next to the Universities at Medway, Chatham. Sleepeezee is at Conquest Ind Est in Strood on the A228 next to the River Medway. Bose UK are on the Gillingham Business Park, off the A278 near the A2 Bowaters Roundabout; on other side of A278 is Delphi Diesel Systems.
Bovis Homes is near Gravesend, where Comma Oil & Chemicals is on the A226, and in Northfleet on the B2175, Kimberly-Clark makes enough Andrex each week to stretch to the Moon; CPI Mortars is off the A226. Caterham Cars manufacturers of British sports cars including the Caterham 7 have their manufacturing facilities in Dartford. Fairhurst Ward Abbotts in Dartford have the Royal warrant for decorating and building in Royal palaces, and other stately homes. Laing O'Rourke is off the A206 in Stone, east of the Dartford Tunnel on Crossways Business Park, where Mazda UK are; in the same building is Forest Laboratories UK, who make Veno's, Sudocrem, Otomize and Bisodol, made in Dartford; Crosswater is in Stone, further along the A206 near the Thames Europort.
Bluewater in Greenhithe is the third-largest shopping centre in the UK; it was built on the former Blue Circle Swanscombe Cement Works, which closed in 1990. South East Water is in Snodland. H+H UK is based at the A25/A227 roundabout at Ightham, south of Wrotham; to the east is Geographers' A-Z Map Company off the A227 near the railway station, near the M26. Alpha Heating Innovation are on the A20 at the Wrotham Heath Interchange of the M26, in Platt. Aylesford Newsprint, between the M20 and River Medway, makes newsprint and is Europe's largest recycler of paper.
Rolex since 2010 has had its European headquarters at Kings Hill near West Malling on the A228; Kimberly-Clark have their UK HQ there, on the former RAF West Malling wartime airfield, near FLIR Systems UK ; opposite is the Charities Aid Foundation and to the east is Voyages-sncf.com near the Tonbridge and Malling council offices. Readers in Teston, to the south on the A26, are the UK's leading manufacturer of cricket balls. DS Smith Paper, Britain's largest paper manufacturer is at Kemsley, north of Sittingbourne, off the A249/B2005 Grovehurst Road Junction. Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham is Britain's oldest brewer. Brake Bros is on the Eureka Business Park, off the A251 north of M20 junction 9 in Boughton Aluph; next-door is Smiths Medical; nearby is Coty Rimmel UK and Houchin, who make ground power units for airport aprons.
Further south along the M20, Givaudan UK has a 10-acre large plant in Kennington; next-door is Premier Foods on the A2070 next to the River Great Stour and the railway, east of the M20; the 16-acre site makes Paxo stuffing, Savoury Rice, Pasta n Sauce, Bisto, Cup-a-Soup, Vesta curries, and claims to be the largest dry food manufacturing site in Europe; it now makes Bird's Custard and Angel Delight. Topper International is on the Kingsnorth Ind Est, in the west of Ashford off the A2042; Letraset is on the same estate. Chartham Papers is the UK's only manufacturer of tracing paper at Chartham. Kent makes three-quarters of the UK's Bramley apples; these are only grown in the UK.
Cummins Power Generation is in Acol, near Manston Airport on the A299, and Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical company in the world and manufacturer of Anadin, had its European R&D site in Sandwich until 2012, next to the River Stour and A256. Hornby, with Airfix and Humbrol, is on the A254 on Westwood Ind Est on the southern edge of Margate; the site started out as Tri-ang Railways in 1954, becoming Hornby in 1972 when the parent company collapsed, and the last model train sets were made there in 1999; these are now made by a company owned by Kader. Nusteel Structures is on the Lympne Ind Est off the B2067 near Port Lympne Wild Animal Park; it is one of the main constructors in the UK of steel footbridges and gantries. Delfinware makes dish drainers off the A259 on the Pennypot Ind Estate in Hythe. Megger Group Limited make electrical test equipment in Dover on the A20; nearby P&O Ferries is on the A20 below the Dover Western Heights. Saga plc, founded in 1959, has a large headquarters in Sandgate, next to Folkestone School for Girls, at the A259/B2963 junction.
AXA PPP is in Tunbridge Wells, and Lamberts Healthcare, based at High Brooms, are a leading manufacturer of vitamin supplements. J.H. Dewhurst was last based in Tunbridge Wells, until it closed in 2006. Panini UK are on the A264 in the west of Tunbridge Wells. RotoSound on the A22 near Sevenoaks railway station makes guitar strings. Bridge Chemicals at Old Powder Mills in Leigh was SmithKline's UK manufacturing division; as GSK it shut in 2010. Salter Housewares is in the east of Tonbridge at the A26/B2017 roundabout in Tudeley, Capel; Adrian Scripps produce apples off the B2017 near the A228 east of Tonbridge.
in North Warwickshire

Oxfordshire

, Blackwell UK, Electrocomponents and Amey plc are in Oxford as is the BMW plant that builds the Mini. BMW assemble the MINI at Cowley; in the south of Oxford is Unipart and TI Automotive UK. South of Oxford in Littlemore, off the A4074 at the Oxford Science Park is Nominet UK. SAE Institute has its world HQ on Littlemore Park off the A4074. Grafton Merchanting GB are on Oxford Business Park in Cowley, with Electrocomponents next to Publishing Technology, Blackwell UK and Harley Davidson UK; to the south on the side of the B480 is Oxfam GB at Oxfam House, BT iNet, and TI Automotive; further north along the B480 at the B4495 junction is Macmillan Education, a leading worldwide publisher of school textbooks, with Genzyme UK.
Ascari are in Banbury. Kenco coffee is made at Kraft Foods Banbury owned by Mondelēz International with Café HAG and Carte Noir off A422/A423 roundabout opposite a Tesco; the site was built to make Bird's Custard in 1964, by General Foods who were bought by Kraft in 1990, and claims to be the biggest coffee-production site in Europe; Nestle make much of their coffee in South Derbyshire. On other side of A422 to Kraft is a manufacturing site of Dematic UK, with Terex MHPS, and Kannegiesser UK. On north-east side of Banbury is the large site of Norbar Torque, who are a main international manufacturer of torque wrenchs. Next door is a large factory of Barry Callebaut UK, a Swiss manufacturer of cocoa, on the Wildmere Road Ind Est, north of the A422 near the M40 junction 11. Prodrive are on the north of the estate, and iSOFT are on the east near the M40. Further north was a main site of Alcan Extrusions, which closed in 2008. After the Buncefield fire damaged the Golden West bakery nearby in 2005, which made McDonald's burger buns, all the UK production had to be made at its Heywood site; Golden West did not rebuild the Hertfordshire site, and opened a new site in Banbury on the south of the estate.
Yaskawa UK is on the Wildmere Ind Est, off the A422 near junction 11; Kärcher UK are nearby off the A423. Marussia F1 are in the east of Banbury. Hook Norton Brewery is to the south-west. Travelodge UK is at the at A418/B4445 roundabout in Thame next to CPM Group, with Lucy Electric in the east of Thame off the B4012, with the UK site of UMC. Kubota UK, the tractor manufacturer, on the B4445, is the UK market leader of ride-on lawn mowers; Kidde Products UK is off the B4012. Renault F1 is in Enstone; off B4030 at Enstone Airfield Complex, Oxford Plastics is the largest manufacturer of traffic cones in the world. Airbus Helicopters UK is at London Oxford Airport. Agilent Technologies make superconducting magnets for NMR applications on the A44 next to the railway at Yarnton. Solid State Logic is at Begbroke on the A44, which has the Begbroke Science Park.
The Leadbitter Group and the UK base of Miele and Sophos are on the Abingdon Science Park. The Joint European Torus is developing fusion power at Culham on a former airfield. Also on the Culham Science Centre at Clifton Hampden is the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, and the re-usable Skylon spacecraft is being developed by Reaction Engines Limited; ABSL Space Products Culham made batteries for Philae. The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Diamond Light Source are on the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Chilton and East Hendred. Harwell has an office of Telespazio VEGA UK and the UK's base of the European Space Agency, with the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications and the UK's Satellite Applications Catapult; Rutherford Appleton also has the Central Laser Facility, the UK's site of research into inertial confinement fusion power from the HiPER project. The science cluster is known as Science Vale UK.
In Rotherfield Peppard, near Sonning Common, is the Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, which research fuel cells. Stuart Turner is at Henley-on-Thames, with Ella's Kitchen. Countax UK, off the A329 at Great Haseley, manufactures Britain's best-selling garden tractors, and distributes ECHO power tools; to the south off the B480, Martin-Baker test ejector seats at Martin Baker Aerospace Chalgrove. Castrol Technology Centre is towards the Thames. South of RAF Benson off the A4074 at Howbery Park, Crowmarsh is HR Wallingford and further south along the Thames is CAB International.
RM Education, Kaspersky Lab UK, Achilles, Sanli UK, Routledge, Chroma Therapeutics, and Smeg UK are at Milton Park. The former Esso Research Centre at Milton Hill is now the headquarters of Infineum, a division of Esso and Shell which researches oil additives. Rowse Honey is in Wallingford. All parachute training for the RAF and Army takes place at RAF Brize Norton; the RAF 's refuelling force operate the Voyager, the RAF's largest aircraft, a converted Airbus A330 which carries 111 tonnes of fuel; they also operate the twice-weekly air-bridge to RAF Mount Pleasant; Brize Norton has 24 C-130 Hercules, 8 C-17 Globemasters, 8 Voyagers, and one A400M Atlas. The Blue Cross animal charity are further north on the B4020.
Siemens Magnet Technology, the main provider of superconducting magnets for MRI scanners, is in Eynsham; in Witney is Wychwood Brewery which makes Hobgoblin, and brews Brakspear Brewery. Oxford Products, off the B4047 west of Witney, make cycle and motorcycle safety products, with Abbott Diabetes Care and Corndell Furniture at Windrush Park. Nationwide Accident Repair Services is on Thorney Leys Park at Witney, at the A415/A40 junction. JSP are market leaders in industrial head protection, based next to the River Windrush at Worsham in Asthall west of Witney. Further south, Aurora Fashions has a main office off the B4449 on the Lakeside Ind Estate, Stanton Harcourt. Christys' & Co, south of Witney next to the A40 make most of the British police hats and helmets.
MacDermid Autotype at Wantage makes precision coated films. Oxford Instruments is in Marcham on the A338. Williams Grand Prix Engineering is based at Grove on the A338 north of Wantage. Towards Wiltshire, the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom is in Shrivenham, with the Defence School of Languages, and the Joint Services Command and Staff College is in Watchfield. South of Shrivenham, on the western edge of Oxfordshire at Ashbury on the B4000, is Bunce, who make snow-clearing equipment.

Culture

The culture of South East England has been influenced a number of factors: by its part of contributing to the "idealised English identity", due to the region's historic idyllic rural landscape; its serving for Greater London as commuting hinterland, and, in recent times, the concentration of the UK's creative industry across the South East as well as London.

Literature, TV Puppetry & Animation, Cinema, Music and Cuisine

in East Sussex was the inspiration for the Hundred Acre Wood in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories by A.A. Milne who also lived in the nearby village of Hartfield and visited the forest with his son Christopher Robin. Alice Liddell, also known as Alice Hargreaves, the inspiration for Alice in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, lived in and around Lyndhurst, Hampshire after her marriage to Reginald Hargreaves, and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael and All Angels Church in the town. Roger Hargreaves lived in Lower Sunbury on the River Thames on the next to Richmond upon Thames borough boundary, and wrote his Mr. Men books. Mary Tourtel from Canterbury created Rupert Bear. Frank Hampson, of Dan Dare, drew all his pictures when he lived in the east of Epsom, off the A2022. Buckinghamshire's E. L. James author of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy has the UK record for the fastest-selling paperback of all time.
Trumpton was based on Plumpton, East Sussex, with other titles in the series based on nearby villages; Trumpton was actually shot by Gordon Murray's company in Crouch End, London. Gerry Anderson's AP Films filmed Thunderbirds on the Slough Trading Estate near to the site's cooling towers, being first broadcast in 1965.
The first multiplex cinema in the UK was in Milton Keynes, in the mid-1980s.
Elgar wrote his Cello Concerto at Fittleworth, West Sussex, in 1919. Isaac Watts, a hymn writer from Southampton, wrote When I Survey the Wondrous Cross and O God, Our Help in Ages Past. John Goss, who wrote the hymn tune for Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven, came from Fareham. At Chalfont St Giles, Milton finished Paradise Lost. Olney in Buckinghamshire is known for the Olney Hymns - Amazing Grace, and the composer of the tune of Once in Royal David's City.
The Christian non-profit music festival Big Church Day Out takes place annually on the last Saturday and Sunday of May at Wiston House, Wiston in West Sussex.
Pimm's was invented by James Pimm of Kent in the 1820s. Banoffee pie was invented in 1972 in Jevington in East Sussex. Maria Ann Smith from Sussex emigrated to Australia and created the Granny Smith apple. Horticulturist Richard Cox lived in Colnbrook, where he bred his Cox's Orange Pippin, a popular apple. Elizabeth David, a cookery writer who revolutionised the nations's home cooking in the 1950s, came from Sussex.

Media

The British Broadcasting Corporation operate South Today out of Havelock Road, Southampton and South East Today in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. ITV News Meridian which has sub-regions for the South and South East based in Whiteley, near Fareham.
  • * N.B. Television coverage for Buckinghamshire is complex and is split three ways depending on location. The western part of the county is in the BBC South and ITV Meridian Milton Keynes UA is covered by BBC East based in Norwich, with the Look East programme; similarly the ITV region for most of Milton Keynes is ITV Anglia with the ITV News Anglia programme, also from Norwich. The ITV region for the south of the county is ITV London with signals from Crystal Palace - these are supplemented with a number of relay stations such as High Wycombe.
  • That's Solent TV, a subsidiary TV station from That's TV based in Portsmouth, it covers Portsmouth Isle of Wight, Southampton and Winchester.
TV signals come from Oxford at Beckley and Stowood in the north of the region, and Rowridge in the south of the region, the two most powerful transmitters in the region, which carry South Today, along with Hannington in north Hampshire, and Midhurst at Easebourne, near Bexleyhill in West Sussex. South East Today, in the east of the region, comes from the lower-powered Heathfield at Heathfield and Waldron, East Sussex off the A267, Dover in Kent, and the even lower-powered Blue Bell Hill at Aylesford on the North Downs. Digital switchover took place in mid 2012.
;Radio
is at Milton Keynes. The Royal Yachting Association is headquartered at Hamble in Hampshire. The World Squash Federation is headquartered in Hastings. England Hockey is headquartered at Bisham Abbey on the south side of the Thames. The first World Transplant Games were held in Portsmouth in 1978.
The All England Jumping Course at Hickstead is held at the A2300 Hickstead Interchange on the side of the A23, west of Burgess Hill, next to the River Adur in Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common. There are many horse-racing stables on the Lambourn Downs. The Epsom Derby is held in early June.
The Hambledon Cricket Club, in south-east Hampshire, was the birthplace of modern cricket. Cricket was developed as a game for Hampshire and Kent farmers.
The BDO World Darts Championship are held in early January at Lakeside Leisure Complex.
Wentworth Golf Club in Surrey is the home of the BMW PGA Championship.
Charles William Miller, who went to school in Southampton, was responsible for taking football to Brazil. He had a Scottish father and a Brazilian mother; around the same time, Alexander Watson Hutton, a Scottish teacher, had taken football to Argentina; Dresden English Football Club, founded by British workers, would bring football to Germany.