Yorkshire and the Humber


Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics for statistical purposes. It comprises most of Yorkshire, as well as North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. It does not include Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland or other areas of the historic county of Yorkshire, are not included in the aforementioned administrative areas. The largest settlements are Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Hull, and York. The population in 2011 was 5,284,000.
The committees for the regions, including the one for Yorkshire and the Humber, ceased to exist upon the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010; they were not re-established by the newly elected House. Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011.

Geographical context

, is the highest dam in UK at 73 metres, and Dean Head cutting is the deepest roadway cutting in Europe at 183 ft, at Scammonden Bridge, on the M62. Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe claims to be longest place name in England.

Geology

In the Yorkshire and the Humber region, there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the underlying geology. The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age, while the Yorkshire Wolds and Lincolnshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands.
The highest point of the region is Whernside, in the Yorkshire Dales, at.

Rivers

The region is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire, the many rivers empty their waters into the River Ouse, which reaches the North Sea via the Humber Estuary. The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Next, draining Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge. The River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York.
The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood. The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse. The most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the main river at Goole.
The River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering, then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.
In the far north of the county, the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.
To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds, the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull. The western Pennines are served by the River Ribble, which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.
The lower stretches of the River Trent flow through North Lincolnshire and meet the Ouse at Trent Falls; the River Ancholme drains into the Humber Estuary at South Ferriby.
was designed based on ideas by Sir Ralph Freeman before the 1950s, then Sir Gilbert Roberts in 1955 and 1964, and a final complete design by Bernard Wex. It was made with a significant amount of ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
The largest freshwater lake in the region is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Climate

This region of England generally has cool summers and relatively mild winters, with the upland areas of the North York Moors and the Pennines experiencing the coolest weather and the Vale of York the warmest. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as from season to season. The latitude of the area means that it is influenced by predominantly westerly winds with depressions and their associated fronts, bringing with them unsettled and windy weather, particularly in winter. Between depressions, there are often small mobile anticyclones that bring periods of fair weather. In winter anticyclones bring cold dry weather. In summer the anticyclones tend to bring dry, settled conditions which can lead to drought. For its latitude, this area is mild in winter and cooler in summer due to the influence of the Gulf Stream in the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Air temperature varies on a daily and seasonal basis. Cities such as Sheffield, Leeds, and Bradford are generally cooler due to their inland and upland location, while York, Hull, and Wakefield are warmer due to their lowland location. The temperature is usually lower at night; January is the coldest time of the year and July is usually the warmest month.
Snow is not uncommon in the winter, Yorkshire is mostly hilly/mountainous, and the Yorkshire Dales and the Pennines can have extreme snowstorms with high snowdrifts. Inland/upland settlements, such as Skipton or Ilkley, have more snow than coastal towns. Hull and Scarborough have less snow as their weather is moderated by the ocean.
Climate data for settlements in the region:

Settlements

There are seven cities in Yorkshire and the Humber: Bradford, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Ripon, Sheffield, Wakefield and York. Large towns in the area include Barnsley, Doncaster, Grimsby, Halifax, Harrogate, Huddersfield, Rotherham and Scunthorpe. Leeds is the largest settlement and the largest part of an urban area with a population of 1.5 million. Leeds is now one of the largest financial centres in the United Kingdom. Sheffield is the second-largest settlement and is a large manufacturing centre. Bradford is the third-largest city and was a textile manufacturing city. As jobs moved offshore the decline of this industry has resulted in a more diverse economy. Kingston upon Hull is the main port in the region and historically a notable fishing harbour. While cities such as Bradford, Leeds and Sheffield grew during the industrial revolution, older cities in the region, such as Wakefield and York, were established in trade and politics before them.
The tallest occupied building in Yorkshire is Bridgewater Place in central Leeds, commonly referred to as The Dalek. Built in 2007, at 361 feet it is the 34th tallest building in the UK. The 37-storey Sky Plaza in Leeds is the world's second-tallest student accommodation building at 338 feet, and the second tallest building in the region, and the UK's 42nd tallest building, built in 2009. The 32-storey St Pauls Tower is now the tallest building in Sheffield at 331 feet. The Royal Hallamshire Hospital at 249 feet is the tallest hospital in the UK outside of London, and was built in 1979.

List of cities and towns

NY = North Yorkshire, WY = West Yorkshire, SY = South Yorkshire, EY = East Riding of Yorkshire, NL = North Lincolnshire, NEL = North East Lincolnshire
> 900, 000
> 600, 000
> 400, 000
> 100, 000
> 70, 000
> 50, 000
> 30, 000
> 20, 000
> 15, 000
The official region consists of the following subdivisions:
Key: †shire county | *metropolitan county
North Lincolnshire, North East Lincolnshire, East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston upon Hull unitary authorities used to form the non-metropolitan county of Humberside which meant the region was called Yorkshire & Humberside.

List of districts by population

City
Borough

History

, south of Scarborough, is the earliest known dwelling in the UK – 8700 BC, in the Mesolithic age.
The Battle of Towton in March 1461, in the Wars of the Roses, is the most costly on British soil. William Bradley of Market Weighton is the tallest British man ever, being 7 ft 9 in, known as the Yorkshire Giant. Bradford had the first trolley bus in the UK in 1910.
Wentworth Woodhouse is the largest private house in the UK, off the B6090, which housed until 1979 the Lady Mabel College of Physical Education, for female PE teachers, later owned by Sheffield City Polytechnic until 1988, north of Rotherham and east of M1 junction 35a.
The Tucano entered service with the RAF with 7 FTS in December 1989 at RAF Church Fenton. On 10 May 1990 at RAF Linton-on-Ouse, Flt Lts Julie Gibson and Sally Cox were the RAF's first female pilots to fly in an RAF jet aircraft – a BAC Jet Provost – with 1 FTS. Sally Cox was later the first female RAF pilot selected for fast jet training at RAF Chivenor on 14 January 1992 on the No.128 Course with the Hawk, but she withdrew seven weeks into the 17-week tactical weapons courses in March 1992 as she found low flying too stressful. Julie would later be the RAF's first female Hercules captain in 1998; she was the first female pilot to qualify at 6 FTS at RAF Finningley. On 1 March 1991, the RAF's first female navigator, Flying Officer Anne-Marie Dawe, began with 6 FTS at RAF Finningley; she later flew on the Hercules at RAF Lyneham. On 20 July 1989 it had been announced that female RAF pilots could fly in non-combat roles.

Industrial history

was invented in 1913 by Harry Brearley of Sheffield, working for Firth Brown Steels. SAE 304 stainless steel is the most common stainless steel today, invented by Dr William Herbert Hatfield FRS in 1924 at Firth-Vickers known as Staybrite 18/8, a chromium-nickel steel. Many Swiss watches were mostly made out of Staybrite.
Crucible steel had been invented in the 1740s by Benjamin Huntsman of Epworth in Lincolnshire ; previously steel was made by the cementation process; the 1856 Bessemer process allowed much more steel to be made. Sheffield early steel used Swedish bar iron as it had less phosphorus. The fast acting tilting converter was a huge improvement in 1860 for Sheffield steel; the process meant high-phosphorus iron ore from local mines could be used. At one point, Sheffield was producing 10,000 tons of steel a week. The metallurgist Eric Colbeck, when working at Hadfields Limited in Sheffield, invented boron steel for control rods for nuclear reactors. Metallurgists at Firth-Vickers developed the heat-resistant stainless steel for the turbine blades of Frank Whittle's first engines, and Britain's first jet aircraft. John Marshall of Yorkshire developed the first-ever iron-framed buildings. Sir Robert Hadfield FRS invented manganese steel in 1882, and silicon steel, which allowed the development of electromagnets and consequently electricity; the Hadfields site is now Meadowhall Centre.
Matthew Murray of Leeds built the first commercially successful steam locomotive in 1812. The Doncaster Works at Hexthorpe built Britain's most famous steam trains, for the GNR, then LNER. The Manchester–Sheffield–Wath electric railway was the UK's longest electrified railway in 1953 when opened. What is now West Yorkshire in the nineteenth century was the heart of Britain's woollen weaving wills, often using Alpaca fiber and by connections to the important Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Joseph Bramah of Barnsley was important in the development of hydraulics, and also developed the hydraulic press in 1795 and in 1778 the flush toilet.
Joseph Aspdin from Leeds invented Portland cement in 1824; when mixed with aggregates and sand, this produced concrete. John Smeaton was a famous civil engineer from Leeds, and notable for building the first modern-day lighthouse and for developing hydraulic lime, which would lead to cement. Sir Donald Bailey, of Rotherham, invented the Bailey bridge which was important in the later stages of the Second World War for crossing rivers; the design took place in 1940 at the Experimental Bridging Establishment in Christchurch, Dorset.
The Clarence Flour Mill was built in 1891 in Hull and produced Britain's first white bread; it became part of Rank Hovis McDougall in 1962. Smith & Nephew launched Elastoplast in 1928; since 1992 this has been owned by the German Beiersdorf company. James Henry Atkinson of Leeds invented the mousetrap in 1898. ICI Fibres was headquartered in the Crimple Valley south of Harrogate; the site is now known as Hornbeam Park. The National Coal Board was based at Coal House, Doncaster on the A18. Thomas Spencer, founder of M&S, was born in Skipton in 1851. Topshop was founded in 1964 in Sheffield, part of a Peter Robinson shop, itself owned by Burton; Topshop became an independent chain in 1973.
factory in North Street received a direct hit and all of its sugar caught fire
From 1945 to 2002 all the tennis balls for Wimbledon were made by Slazenger off the A61 in the south of Barnsley. Since 2006, tracks for the UK's railways have been made at Scunthorpe, and much is made for Europe's railways. Terry's Chocolate Orange, first made in 1932, are now made since 2005 by Kraft Foods Polska at Fabryka w Jankowicach in Jankowice, having been bought by Kraft in 1993; Smarties, first made in York in 1937, since 2006 are made at Chocoladen-Werk Hamburg, with the brand being owned by Nestlé since 1988; the Nestlé Deutschland site also makes Kit Kat, first made in 1935 and named in 1937, and After Eight, first made in 1962. Mackintosh's of Halifax invented Quality Street in 1936, Rolo in 1937, Munchies in 1957, Caramac in 1959, and Toffee Crisp in 1963. Rowntree's invented Fruit Gums in 1893, Aero in 1935, being still made in York on Haxby Road, and Polos in 1948.
The CEGB's 400 kV Supergrid was first tested on 15 December 1963 when High Marnham Power Station connected on a 64-mile line to Monk Fryston substation ; the 420-ton transformers at either end were from English Electric at Stafford. The first section of the 275kV supergrid opened in 1951 from Staythorpe Power Station to West Melton, west of Wath-upon-Dearne. Much of West Yorkshire's connection to the southern section of the National Grid is either through High Marnham or Creyke Beck to the east, ; Thornton and Osbaldwick are the only connections from Yorkshire to the north, connecting to Norton and Newby near Teesside; Bradford West, apart from Monk Fryston, is the other main substation for the area
FLUENT was developed at the University of Sheffield, and became the world's leading software for CFD, launched in October 1983. Helen Sharman OBE, from Sheffield and a former University of Sheffield-educated chemist who developed chocolate for Mars, was the first Briton in space on the Soyuz TM-12 mission on 18 May 1991, aged 27, landing with Soyuz TM-11 eight days later.
David Mellor of Sheffield produced the standard design for street furniture, including traffic lights, in the UK from 1973. The US had installed its first electric traffic lights in August 1914 in Cleveland, and traffic lights were first introduced permanently in the UK on 16 March 1928 in Leeds at the junction of Park Row, Leeds and Bond Street, although were not vehicle-actuated; there had been a one-day trial of traffic lights in Wolverhampton on 11 February 1928.

Scientific heritage

of Barrow upon Humber, invented the marine chronometer which allowed longitude to be accurately measured, and hence navigation at sea. This allowed Captain James Cook of Whitby to colonise much of Australia. Harrison also invented the bimetallic strip and the rolling bearing, without which most vehicles could not move.
Albert Crewe, born near Huddersfield in 1927 and attended grammar school in Bradford, invented the scanning electron microscope in 1970 at the Argonne National Laboratory. John Carbutt, from Sheffield and moved to America, founded his Keystone Dry Plate Works in 1879 and was the first to develop sheets of celluloid coated with photographic emulsion for making films in 1888, and for William Kennedy Dickson's Kinetoscope around 1890, which set the 35mm standard for motion and still cameras. Roundhay Garden Scene, shot on 14 October 1888 by Louis Le Prince, is the oldest surviving film in existence; 'talking' movies appeared after 1927. Dennis Taylor of T. Cooke & Sons of York invented the Cooke triplet in 1893 to stop optical aberration, and allow fine definition up to the outer edge of lenses. Prof Sir George William Gray developed LCD displays at Hull, when working for the MoD in Malvern, developing it with the substance cyano-biphenyl in 1973; the VFD was invented in Japan in 1967.
Smithson Tennant born Selby, educated in Beverley, discovered osmium and iridium in 1803; the two are atomic numbers 76 and 77, with osmium being the densest naturally occurring element, and iridium is the next densest. The worldwide deposition of high concentrations of iridium at the geological K-T stratigraphic boundary, and that locally of shocked quartz in the Yucatán Peninsula, led to a theory by Walter Alvarez in 1980 of an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period, known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, that wiped out the dinosaurs. Fred Hoyle was an important physicist from Bingley, who discovered how stars made chemical elements, and originated the phrase big bang in 1949. An expanding universe was first proposed by Georges Lemaître of Belgium to overcome Einstein's 1917 cosmological constant of a static universe, and was only widely accepted after the 1930s. The clergyman John Michell, a vicar of Thornhill, was the first person to calculate a realistic distance of stars, observed in the night sky, from Earth. As early as the 18th century he was also the first to propose that light from the stars could be deflected by their own gravity, and has been described as the father of seismology and magnetometry.
Kenneth Bentley of Reckitt & Colman at Hull in 1963 discovered his Bentley compounds, which included
etorphine, which for many years was the most-powerful analgesic, and is the drug most often used to safely immobilise elephants and other large animals, and is now manufactured solely by MacFarlan Smith of Edinburgh. Prof Robert Lowry Turner and George Whyte-Watson developed chemotherapy for breast cancer in 1959 at Bradford Royal Infirmary.
At the former Sheffield Royal Infirmary in the north-west of the city centre on 25 November 1930, Cecil Paine, a pathologist, cured patients with eye infections
completely with Penicillin, having been a bacteriology student of Alexander Fleming two years previously, and had grown Penicillium notatum in some meat broth. This was the first-ever cure of human disease with an antibiotic, and only gained public attention in 1983 when his medical notes were emerged by Prof Milton Wainwright in an office in Firth Court. Howard Florey was working as a professor of pathology from 1931 to 1935 at the city's university, and Paine's work gave impetus for Florey to work out how to purify penicillin, but it would be February 1941 before he treated his first patient. Prontosil, discovered by Gerhard Domagk at Bayer in Wuppertal, Germany in 1932, would be the first commercially available antibiotic.
John Venn, born in Hull although moved to London, developed his well-known and ubiquitous diagrams in 1880. Tom Kilburn from Dewsbury, with Freddie Williams, developed the Williams tube, the first computer binary data storage.

Second World War

The RAF's first heavy bomber, the Short Stirling, entered service at RAF Leeming with 7 Sqn. On 2 November 1940, RAF Linton-on-Ouse received the first Handley Page Halifax with 35 Sqn. Avro built around 4,500 Ansons at its RAF Yeadon shadow factory, and around 700 Lancasters.

Culture

The area is well known for its brass bands, with the Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band, Black Dyke Band, Grimethorpe Colliery Band, Carlton Main Frickley Colliery Band, Rothwell Temperance Band and Hammonds Saltaire Band. Brass bands have mostly been linked with coal mines. John Bacchus Dykes from Hull wrote the hymn tunes for The King of Love My Shepherd Is and Eternal Father, Strong to Save, and arranged We Plough the Fields and Scatter. The Cranbrook tune to On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at was written by Thomas Clark, a Kent shoemaker.
The Brontë family are the region's best known authors. The region's most popular city for tourists is York.
Castleford is the birthplace of the world-famous sculptor Henry Moore. Thomas Chippendale was an important furniture maker, born in Otley in 1718. Rita, Sue and Bob Too is a classic 1987 film made around Bradford; other classic regional films include Ken Loach's Kes, a 1969 film made in the Barnsley area, The Full Monty a 1997 film made around Sheffield, and Brassed Off, a 1996 film made in the Doncaster and Barnsley area.
The Bradford Small Livestock Society has held the national championships for rabbits since 1921, held at the Great Yorkshire Showground in Harrogate, and holds its Small Animal Show for other pets. Charles Hinchliffe of Huddersfield pioneered the idea of the farm shop in 1974. Donald Watson from Mexborough invented the term vegan in 1944. Seebohm Rowntree was an important social researcher from York, and had a big impact on thinking on the subject.
On 6 January each year Haxey in North Lincolnshire holds its Haxey Hood. On Easter Monday each year Gawthorpe, near Wakefield, holds the World Coal Carrying Championship.

Regional assembly

The Yorkshire and Humber Assembly was a partnership of all local authorities in the region and representatives of various economic, social and environmental sectors. The full Assembly normally met three times a year, normally in February, June and October.

The full Assembly is responsible for providing regional leadership, agreeing regional strategic priorities, directing the development of the Integrated Regional Framework and endorsing key regional strategies. Membership comprises all 22 local authorities in this region, plus 15 Social, Economic and Environmental partners, and the National Parks for planning purposes.

On 31 March 2009, the Assembly was abolished and replaced by Local Government Yorkshire and Humber, which continues to be based in the former Assembly premises in King Street in Wakefield.
Yorkshire is one of the two regions that were expected to have a referendum about the establishment of an elected regional assembly. When the North East region of England rejected having an elected regional assembly in a referendum, the then Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced that he would not move orders for other referendums before the relevant provisions expired in June 2005.

European Parliament

The European constituency of Yorkshire and the Humber is coterminous with the English region. After the European Parliament election in May 2014, Yorkshire and the Humber was represented by three UK Independence Party two Labour and one Conservative MEPs.

Election results 2014

Elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the number of votes per seat won.

Election results 2019

After the European Parliament election in May 2019, Yorkshire and the Humber was represented by three Brexit Party, one Labour, one Liberal Democrat and one Green MEPs.
Elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the order in which candidates were elected, and the number of votes per seat won in their respective columns.

Demographics

Population, density and settlements

The region has fewer degree-educated adults than the England average and the UK's highest rate of cancer.

Teenage pregnancy

For top-tier authorities, Kingston upon Hull has the highest teenage pregnancy rate, closely followed by North East Lincolnshire. For top-tier authorities, North Yorkshire has the lowest teenage pregnancy rate. For council districts, Ryedale has the lowest rate, closely followed by Craven. Only North Yorkshire has council districts in the region.
Rotherham had the UK's youngest grandmother – 26 years old. Her 12-year-old daughter gave birth on 26 August 1999.

Social deprivation

For multiple deprivation in England, measured by the Indices of deprivation 2007, the most deprived council districts in the region are, in descending order – Kingston upon Hull, Bradford, Doncaster, Barnsley, North East Lincolnshire, Sheffield, Wakefield, Rotherham, Kirklees, Leeds, and Scarborough. These areas are mostly represented by Labour MPs, with a few Conservative MPs representing parts of Leeds and North East Lincolnshire, and all of Scarborough. Apart from Scarborough, they are unitary authorities.
The least deprived districts are, in descending order – Harrogate, Hambleton, Richmondshire, Craven, and Selby – all in North Yorkshire. Like all of North Yorkshire, they are represented by Conservative MPs. At county level, the least deprived areas are, in descending order – North Yorkshire, York and the East Riding of Yorkshire which all have roughly the same level of deprivation, and lower than the majority of England, including Cheshire and Northamptonshire.
The region as a whole is one of the more deprived in England, measured by having far more Lower Layer Super Output Areas in the 20% most deprived districts than the 20% least deprived districts.
Kingston upon Hull has the highest proportion of people not in education, employment or training NEETs in the region. This is another demographic extreme it shares with Knowsley in Merseyside.
In March 2011 the region had the third highest overall unemployment claimant count in England with 4.4%. For the region, Hull has the highest rate with 7.8% which is the highest for any English district; North East Lincolnshire is next with 6.4%, and Doncaster has 5.2%. Richmondshire has the lowest rate with 1.8% and Harrogate is next lowest with 1.9%.

Elections

In the 2015 general election, 39% of the region's electorate voted Labour, 33% Conservative, 16% UKIP, 7% Liberal Democrat and 4% Green. Labour had almost twice as many seats than the Conservatives with 33 Labour, 19 Conservative and 2 Liberal Democrat. There was a 2.5% swing from Conservative to Labour. However, although Labour has around 60% of the region's seats, the geographic spread is mostly Conservative, due to the Labour seats having a much smaller geographic area. Since the 2017 general election when Sheffield Hallam incumbent Nick Clegg was defeated by Labour candidate Jared O'Mara, all of South Yorkshire is now held by Labour, and Labour is concentrated in the other coalfield areas and Hull.

Eurostat NUTS

In the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, Yorkshire and the Humber is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKE", which is subdivided as follows:

Transport

Transport policy

As part of the national transport planning system, the Regional Assembly is required to produce a Regional Transport Strategy to provide long-term planning for transport in the region. This involves region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the Highways Agency and Network Rail.
Within the region the local transport authorities plan for the future by producing Local Transport Plans which outline their strategies, policies and implementation programmes. The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the Yorkshire and The Humber region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: East Riding of Yorkshire U.A., Kingston upon Hull, North East Lincolnshire U.A., North Lincolnshire U.A., North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and York U.A.

Road

The M62 motorway is Yorkshire's main east–west thoroughfare, and north–south routes are the M1 and the A1, with only the A1 continuing further north, with an upgrade to motorway status currently being built between Leeming and Barton. The other main north–south road in the region is the A19. The M180 connects the ports at Grimsby and Immingham via the M18.
The A64 road connects areas in the North East of the region to the main body of motorways. The M1 was originally designed to finish at the A1 at Doncaster; this section became the M18 in December 1967. The section from the Thurcroft Interchange to Leeds was essentially designed to replace the A61, which is still the main road that connects the centres of Sheffield, Barnsley, Wakefield and Leeds, and continues through Harrogate and Ripon to Thirsk. The M180 is shadowed by the A18, which is the main road through Scunthorpe. The single-carriageway A1079 connects Hull to York, and has been exceeding its designed capacity for many years.
The main north–south and east–west routes interchange at a series of junctions to the south and east of Leeds, near Castleford. Leeds and Bradford have inner-city urban motorways, while Sheffield has the Sheffield Parkway and Hull has the Clive Sullivan Way which connect the city centres with the motorway network. Leeds has an inner-ring road network made mostly out of purpose-built motorway stretches which is mostly sub-terrain to the north of the city centre. Bradford, Huddersfield, Sheffield and York have inner-ring roads made by re-aligning existing roads while Halifax has a town-centre relief scheme made up of the Aachen Way and the North Bridge flyovers. The Office of the Traffic Commissioner central office is on the B6159 in east Leeds, which processes England and Wales LGV and PSV licences.
The Humber Bridge, the tallest bridge in the UK at 538 feet, was the world's longest suspension bridge from 17 July 1981 until 5 April 1998; it was built to connect with a proposed new town near the A15/M180 interchange.

Rail

The central hubs of the rail network in the region are Leeds, Sheffield and York. The East Coast Main Line passes through Leeds and York, operated by London North Eastern Railway which has its headquarters in York. The Midland Main Line finishes at Sheffield, with a less regular service to Leeds, operated by East Midlands Railway. East–west routes are operated by TransPennine Express to Manchester and Liverpool. Leeds has a fairly extensive commuter network and an electrified section in the North of Bradford provides many commuter services. Sheffield has a smaller commuter rail network and there are also less extensive systems in Doncaster, Huddersfield, Wakefield and Harrogate, which connect the districts of the settlements to the centre by rail. The express service between Leeds and Huddersfield is notably quick.
The South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive and West Yorkshire Metro subsidise commuters' travel with discount schemes. Class 399 tram-trains are to be introduced in Sheffield in 2018.
Hull is connected to London by Hull Trains' services. North Yorkshire has a skeleton train network, with Scarborough and York being the main destinations. The Yorkshire Coast Line connects Hull to Scarborough. The Hull to York Line runs along the north of the Humber through Selby, and takes in Sherburn-in-Elmet and nearby rural stations south of York, being of great use to commuters to York since being reopened in the 1980s.
near York. The InterCity 125 set the current world speed record for a diesel train near Thirsk in 1987.
South of the Humber, Scunthorpe and nearby rural stations are connected by the South Humberside Main Line, run by Northern. Grimsby is connected on TransPennine Express' South TransPennine route from Sheffield.
The region is home to a rail land speed record. On 1 November 1987, an InterCity 125 travelled at 238 km/h between Northallerton and Thirsk.

Mass transit

Only Sheffield has its own mass-transit system, the Sheffield Supertram, owned by SYPTE and run by Stagecoach. Leeds and Bradford have more developed commuter rail systems but lack any mass transit system. The Leeds Supertram was an approved scheme in Leeds. However, the funding was pulled and the scheme has been replaced by the proposed Leeds Trolleybus scheme. In the past Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Rotherham, Sheffield and York have all had mass-transit systems.

Air

Airports in the region are Leeds Bradford Airport at Yeadon, Doncaster Sheffield Airport near Doncaster and Humberside Airport near Brigg in North Lincolnshire. Leeds Bradford Airport is the largest in the region by passenger numbers, Robin Hood boasts the longest runway of any airport in the region and Humberside Airport boasts an active heliport. Jet2.com, a popular low-cost airline at Leeds Bradford has around fifty Boeing 737 aircraft.
Sheffield City Airport formerly served the city of Sheffield. However, the airport struggled to attract many scheduled services and closed following the opening of Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport.
Lying outside of the region Durham Tees Valley Airport serves the northernmost areas of the region, being next to the River Tees, and less than a mile from Over Dinsdale on North Yorkshire's northern edge. There are day and night direct rail connections from the region to Manchester Airport. National Express coach services also run directly to Heathrow Airport from the region.

Water

has daily ferries to Zeebrugge and Rotterdam. Hull also has a large freight port and an active fishing port. Immingham carries much freight transport via DFDS Tor Line and the Stena Line. Goole is Britain's most inland port and is used mostly for importing commodities such as coal and timber.
The region also has a canal network. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal links West Yorkshire with the North West and the Aire and Calder Navigation links Leeds and the coal fields of West and North Yorkshire with the ports to the East of the region. There are also several smaller canals in the region, often built for quite specific purposes. Many stretches of the smaller canals in the region have been backfilled. The steepest locks in Britain are at Bingley – Bingley Five Rise Locks, built by John Longbotham, who designed the canal.

Economy

Until 2011, Yorkshire Forward was the Regional Development Agency charged with improving the Yorkshire and Humber economy, where some 270,000 businesses contribute to an economy worth in excess of £80 billion. With over 5 million people living in the region it ranks alongside some small countries including Ireland, Greece, Norway and Singapore. The region has the second lowest rate of GVA in England. However, Leeds has a much higher average GVA than most of South Yorkshire. Business Link Yorkshire until November 2011 was on the Capitol Business Park in Dodworth, west of the M1 near Barnsley near the bypass. The region's Manufacturing Advisory Service was until March 2016 at Saint Martins House in Potternewton next to Chapel Allerton Hospital, on the former A61, with two other offices at the Advanced Manufacturing Park, Catcliffe off the A630 Sheffield Parkway, and also on St. Georges Road in the west of Hull; the functions are now represented by the organisation Made in Yorkshire. The UKTI office for the region was off the A653, directly south of Bridgewater Place in Holbeck, and its successor DIT Yorkshire and the Humber is at the Digital Media Centre near Barnsley Interchange, run by Mark Robson.
NHS Yorkshire and the Humber, the regional strategic health authority, was at the roundabout at the bottom of Kirkstall Road in Leeds, with another office in the north of Sheffield. The charity-funded Yorkshire Air Ambulance, established in October 2000, is based at Nostell Priory south-east of Wakefield on the A638 and RAF Topcliffe ; the helicopter can land on the main hospitals' roofs. The state-funded Yorkshire Ambulance Service is based next to Coca-Cola on the Wakefield 41 Business Park, near the A650. National Blood Service for the area is off the A6102 in the north of Sheffield, at the west end of the Northern General Hospital.
Yorkshire in the past has been synonymous with coal mining. Many pits closed in the 1990s, with the last two that were open in the Pontefract area at Kellingley and Sharlston. In South Yorkshire, there was Maltby Main Colliery and Hatfield Colliery at Stainforth. The NUM was very Yorkshire-dominated. Coal still plays a part in the economy – there are two large power stations along the Aire Valley, with Drax being the second largest in Europe with 3,945 MW of capacity, and Eggborough which is owned by the Czech Republic's Energetický a průmyslový holding since 2014 and was owned by British Energy until 2010; Ferrybridge C closed on 23 March 2016. The distribution area once looked after by the regional electricity company Yorkshire Electricity is now looked after by Northern Powergrid, owned by Berkshire Hathaway of Omaha, Nebraska. The supply side of the region is now owned by npower. 29% of the UK's oil is refined on the Humber.

East and North

is where steel is smelted by British Steel Limited in the east of the town; it is the largest steelworks in the UK. Golden Wonder crisps are made in Frodingham, opposite the steel works ; the brand originated in Scotland. Esca Food Solutions make all the beef patties for McDonald's in the UK and Ireland at their factory in Crosby in the north-west of the town, processing around 7000 cattle a week – about 12,000 kg an hour; 2.25m cattle are killed in the UK each year. IAC Group have a car interiors plant on the Foxhills Ind Est in the north of Scunthorpe off the A1077; to the west, Can-Pack UK is on the Skippingdale Ind Est, and makes alumninium beverage cans; further north, Nisa have their headquarters on the Normanby Enterprise Park, in Flixborough off the B1430. Further south on the Foxhills Ind Est towards the A1077, Wren Kitchens have a large factory in a former B&Q warehouse, which closed in 2009; next-door to the north, 2 Sisters Food Group have a large chicken processing plant, built in 1988 as one of the largest plants of its type in Europe, which processes around 1,900,000 chickens per week. TSC Foods on the Queensway Ind Estate at the A18/A1029 roundabout in south-east Scunthorpe supply many foodservice products to most UK pub chains. Caparo Merchant Bar, next to the steel works in Scunthorpe, are the UK's largest producer of merchant bar; nearby is British Steel Wire Rod. Vossloh Cogifer UK, a joint venture of Vossloh Cogifer and the former Corus Rail, make railway points to the west of Scunthorpe; Voestalpine also make train tracks too at a huge foundry in Austria
Pipers Crisps are on a former airfield next to the A15 at Elsham; next door is IG Industries who produce polyethylene films. There are two large oil refineries west of Immingham, owned by ConocoPhillips and Total. Kimberly-Clark made all of its Huggies nappies for Europe at Barton-upon-Humber until 2013; since 2016, the site has been the headquarters and factory of Wren Kitchens. Techrete on the B1207 in the north of Hibaldstow, next to the railway line, is the UK's leading maker of architectural precast cladding. County Turf, off the B1207 in Appleby made the turf for Wembley Stadium, who replaced Inturf of Wilberfoss. There is a large CEMEX cement plant at Winteringham off the A1077 at the meeting point of the New River Ancholme and the Humber.
Grimsby in Great Coates, next to the Europarc in the west of Grimsby; it has been there since 1951, firstly as Ciba making sulfathiazole
Grimsby is home of England's fishing industry, and has many frozen food factories such as Young's Seafood. The seafood industry is worth £1.8 billion to North East Lincolnshire; most of Britain's seafood comes from Grimsby. HM Revenue & Customs in the town centre administers the UK's deregistration of VAT for companies, and the VAT Annual Accounting Scheme. Auto-Trail makes motorhomes on the Europarc, Grimsby, owned by Paris-based Trigano. Wyndeham Gait is a main printer next to the A180/A16 roundabout. Icelandic Seachill, south of the A180 Pyewipe Roundabout, makes McDonald's Filet-O-Fish. Cardsave is a merchant account provider. Cofely Fabricom Engie, an engineering consultancy based on the A1173 in Immingham, work in the oil and gas industry, and nearby to the east is a large Knauf plaster board plant. Hydro Agri had an important large fertiliser plant on the side of the railway; now PB Kent and its subsidiary Humber Palmers make fertiliser there. In Healing next to the Humber, Lenzing Fibers Grimsby make Lyocell, where it was first made by Courtaulds in 1988, who owned the site until bought by AkzoNobel in 1998; next door is BASF Performance Products. Nearby to south off the A1136/A180 junction is Europarc, also in Healing, where Kerry Group mothballed its frozen food factory in 2012; further to east in the former Little Coates is Novartis, Dunlop Oil & Marine. Greenergy have a biodiesel plant at Immingham West Terminal. Grimsby imports around 500,000 vehicles a year. The area's ports take 15% of Britain's ro-ro cargo; only Dover takes more.
AarhusKarlshamn UK is at Hull Ferry Terminal. The Valuation Office Agency for the north of England is near King George Dock. Smith & Nephew and Reckitt Benckiser medical and household products companies originated in Hull, and still have large factories there. When Reckitt & Colman merged with the Dutch Benckiser in 1999, much production was moved from Hull to Swindon. Heron Frozen Foods is based there near St Andrew's Quay, and Cranswick plc are a food-processing company based in the north of Hull, which makes up-market gourmet sausages for Tesco and Sainsbury's, and The Black Farmer, in West Carr; Cranswick Country Foods have their main poultry processing site off the B1237 in the north of Stoneferry; nearby to the north is Greencore Grocery. Maizecor are in Wincolmlee. Croda Europe has a chemical factory on the north side of the A1165 in Newland next to River Hull; further south in Sculcoates, Crown Paints have a factory on the west side of the River Hull. Walker Group in Hull own Victoria Plumb bathrooms, and the brand MFI. Aunt Bessie's is a large food company in the west of Hull near the A63 and Hessle. Nearby Norbert Dentressangle claim to run the largest pea processing factory in the world at the junction of the A1166 and the Clive Sullivan Way, which has supplied all of Birds Eye's peas since June 2008.
Ideal Standard, the plumbing company, now in north Hull next to the Hull–Scarborough line, was formed in Hull in 1936. Ideal Heating, owned by Stelrad and based nearby, make domestic boilers, and have diversified into air source heat pumps and solar thermal water heaters. Comet, who originated there, had some main offices on George Street. Gamebore Cartridge on the A1165 at Drypool, Hull and Hull Cartridge, on the Acorn Ind Estate north of Ideal, both make shotgun cartridges. Logan Teleflex makes luggage sorting systems near the B1237/A1033 junction in north Hull. KCOM Group is an iconic telecommunications company based next to Hull City Hall. Seven Seas, owned by Merck Group, made cod liver oil and multivitamins on the A1033 in Marfleet until 2015; next door is Willerby Holiday Homes, the UK's largest manufacturer of holiday homes; nearby, Paneltex is a group of engineering companies for vehicle bodies, on the Kingston International Park on the A1033, opposite Saltend; next door is Atlas Leisure Homes. Humdinger on the A1033 makes branded savoury snacks. Airbath is in north-east Hull. Fenner Dunlop Europe who claim to be the world's largest conveyor belt manufacturer, in Marfleet, have their own cricket pitch and their Hainsworth Research Centre.
BP Saltend is Europe's largest producer of acetic acid, and part of the worldwide BP Acetyls group; next door, Ineos Enterprises makes vinyl acetate monomer and Vivergo is nearby. Fenner PLC is in Hessle. BAE Systems Military Air & Information at Brough is known as the Home of the Hawk, and recently made the Hawk 128, with a fully digital cockpit. Kohler Mira Ltd make showers on the Melton West Business Park, south of the A63. Guardian Industries makes float glass in Goole; Baracuta Clothing, off A614/A161 junction on the Grange Park Ind Estate are owned by Baird Group of Leeds off Granary Wharf next to Bridgewater Place, which also owns the Racing Green brand. Timloc, part of Alumasc Group, make ventilation for buildings. Croda International, the chemical company, is in East Cowick, near the M62/M18 Langham Interchange. Swift Group in Cottingham are the only UK manufacturer of caravans. Yara UK have a fertiliser blending plant on the A1079 on a former airfield in Barmby Moor. Bridlington is Europe's largest lobster port.
There are many Royal Air Force bases in North Yorkshire, close to the A1, Catterick Garrison is the largest army base in Europe near Richmond, and home of the Infantry Training Centre. The Defence School of Transport Leconfield is near Beverley. RAF Fylingdales is an important, though secret, part of NATO's Ballistic Missile Early Warning System; the Emergency Planning College at Easingwold provided courses to prepare for nuclear war. Dishforth Airfield was the first place in the UK to get the Apache helicopter in 2003 for the Army Air Corps, and has had helicopters since 1991, currently having three squadrons of Lynx helicopters. The helicopters train over the North York Moors. 4th Regiment Royal Artillery is at Alanbrooke Barracks. GCHQ have a site in the west of Scarborough. RAF Leeming is the only RAF station in Northern England that flies jet aircraft; the Yorkshire Universities Air Squadron flies from RAF Linton-on-Ouse.
Nestlé in the UK are based in York, with Mackintosh's operations in Halifax. Persimmon plc is at the A19/A64 Fulford Interchange. The Shepherd Building Group, and Portasilo, which makes bulk handling equipment such as silos, are in Huntington off the A1036 in the east of York; AlphaGraphics UK are next door, and to Monks Cross retail park. London North Eastern Railway has its headquarters in York. Terry's chocolate was closed in September 2005 by its new owner Kraft Foods, and production moved to Poland. Costcutter is based on the A1079 in Dunnington. Best Western Hotels UK are based at Clifton Without. CPP Group are on Holgate Park on the A59 in the north-west of the city centre; Aviva have a large site on Rougier Street for equity release, life insurance, and pensions. Rolawn at the Laveracks Ind Est on the B1228 in Elvington is Europe's largest producer of lawn turf, with its Medallion brand being the UK market leader. DBS National Security Vetting is at Imphal Barracks in Fulford on the A19. Tangerine Confectionery is off the A59, in Acomb Ings in the west of York, which makes toffee and fudge; its old site on Coppergate is now Jorvik Viking Centre; the neighbouring British Sugar plant closed in 2007. Sherbet fountains have been made in York since 1925; the brand was bought by Tangerine from Cadbury in 2008. York Handmade Brick Company, who have supplied bricks for The Shard and railway station are based in the village of Alne, north of York.
Streamline, the UK's main merchant account provider formerly owned by NatWest, is on the B6162 at Harlow Hill in the west of Harrogate; Principal Hotel Company UK, is at Oatlands in the south of the town, where Hein Gericke UK is on Hornbeam Park, next to Harrogate College. Dunlopillo, a world-leading manufacturer of latex foam mattresses was for many years off the A61 at Pannal, south of Harrogate, until 2003, and from 2008 has now been headquartered in Huntingdon. The Canadian McCain Ltd has been in Scarborough since 1969; Legrand UK make cable management systems at Cayton south of Scarborough on the B1261 next to McCain, and along the road from the coach builder Plaxton. Boyes are in Eastfield. Dale Power Solutions, south of the B1261 on the Eastfield Ind Estate, make electrical power supply equipment. Deep Sea Electronics make generator controllers on the Hunmanby Industrial Estate, off the A165, south of Filey. Whitby Seafoods Ltd is in Whitby; they are the biggest producer of scampi in the UK, and supply Wetherspoons. Westlers, based on the B1257 in Amotherby make tinned convenience food, and the MoD's military ration packs. Dalepak is based in Leeming Bar which is owned by ABP Food Group; Vale of Mowbray have made pork pies in Aiskew since 1928. Reed Boardall have the UK's second largest cold storage site on the west side of the A1 at Boroughbridge.
John Smith's Brewery is at Tadcaster, owned by Heineken UK, which started brewing Newcastle Brown Ale in May 2010, and Samuel Smith Brewery. At Masham, there is the Theakston Brewery and the Black Sheep Brewery. Just to the north in Aiskew, Masons Gin have a distillery. Skipton Building Society is in Skipton. Silver Cross, the iconic pram manufacturer named after Silver Cross Street in Leeds, is headquartered in Broughton at the junction of the A59 and A56 west of Skipton, although its Heritage prams are made in Bingley. Next to Bentham railway station Kidde Products UK make foam fire extinguishers. Quorn is made in Stokesley by Marlow Foods. The Rural Payments Agency have a main office at Northallerton. Econ Engineering on the A61 Ripon bypass near the B6265 roundabout are Britain's leading manufacturer of salt gritters. Severfield is at Topcliffe on the east side of the A168, on a former airfield; they built the Olympic International Broadcast Centre in London. At another former airfield at Tockwith, further south, Stage One built the Olympic Cauldron, the glowing Olympic Rings, and the aerial stage objects.
Austin Reed, who own Viyella, was on the A61 at the western end of Thirsk Racecourse until 2016. Slingsby Aviation make gliders and planes in Kirkbymoorside, on the A170. Perry Slingsby Systems, next to Slingsby make remotely operated underwater vehicles, who have helped to develop the NATO Submarine Rescue System. Karro Food Group based at Malton, are a pork processor, formerly part of Vion NV. South of Selby, Saint-Gobain Glass UK has made float glass for low emissivity windows since 2000 next to the A19 at the A645 roundabout, directly south of the Eggborough power station. Optare make buses on a large industrial estate in Sherburn-in-Elmet, and have been part of Hinduja Group since 2012.

West and South

Leeds is now a centre of financial services companies, with Direct Line and First Direct based there, as well as Asda, Arla Foods UK in Stourton near the A639 junction 44 of the M1. The Green Flag roadside recovery firm has its main call centre. HSBC opened their first UK call centre in the city, taking advantage of its advanced communications network which also led to the founding of Freeserve in Leeds. The Department of Health has a large administration operation at Quarry House, a local landmark. The Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission was at One Leeds City Office Park until 2012, off the A653 south of Bridgewater Place. The NHS Appointments Commission and former NHS Yorkshire and the Humber were next to the north side of the A65 at the A58 junction near the former Park Lane College, where further east along the A58 is the Callcredit credit reference agency, and on the opposite side of the inner ring-road from the Skills for Care sector skills council. The Waddingtons board game company was founded in Leeds, as was the Burton tailoring company and M & S. The Tetley's Brewery closed in 2011 and moved operations to Northampton. Aramark UK is in West Park, Leeds, in the north of the city, off the ring road.
The British Library is sited at Thorpe Arch near Wetherby, home of Goldenfry. Dr. Oetker products are made at Colton near M1 junction 46 and Sherburn-in-Elmet; at Thorpe Park Business Park in the east of Leeds also is Northern Gas Networks and Republic. Ellie Louise, a clothes retailer, is at Sturton Grange north of Garforth on the A642, south of M1 junction 47 on the Helios 47 Ind Estate, near Ginetta Cars. Unilever Leeds have their aerosol division at Whinmoor, in north-east Leeds, administrated by Lever Fabergé. It claims to be the largest aerosol factory in the world, and has their research centre, and makes Impulse, Lynx, Dove and Sure. Agfa Graphics have their only UK factory next to Fabergé in Whinmoor, making computer to plate offset printers; 85% of the world's banknotes are printed with the parent company's technology. Nearby in Seacroft is Komori UK.
Symington's make breakfast cereals on the Thornes Farm Business Park, near the A63. Daniels Group, makers of New Covent Garden Food Company soups, are on the Acorn Business Park, off the A64, next to the Asda at Killingbeck. Sound Leisure is the UK's leading manufacturer of juke boxes. WABCO Vehicle Control Systems UK is in Morley, and QHotels are on Bruntcliffe Road in Bruntcliffe. East of Morley off the A6110 is DePuy International. Hermes Europe, based at Capitol Park on the A650 at Topcliffe, is the UK's largest home delivery company, and is part of Grattan's parent company. ATB Morley, on the B6157 next to the Owlcotes Centre and owned by Antriebstechnik AG, make electric motors. Further along the B6157 from ATB Morley at the junction with B6155, Hainsworth makes speciality textiles such as military uniforms and in 1975 produced the first Nomex flame-retardant flight suits for fast-jet pilots in the UK; their TITAN outfit is used by riot police and firefighters, with ceremonial fabrics made from worsted barathea, and uniform caps for the Household Division, and uniforms for others such as London Underground. Clariant UK, the chemical company, was in Yeadon, with a factory in Horsforth; Brenntag UK is based at the A65/A658 junction at Rawdon Park in Yeadon next to the fire station.
EMIS Health are off the A658 in central Yeadon, and are a main supplier of GP computer systems. Craftsman Tools on the A659 in Otley make toolholding systems and fixtures. Sinclairs make the Silvine brand of stationery at Otley. Allied Glass based in south Leeds at the A61/A639 junction, and also has a main plant at Knottingley east of town on the A645, makes glass bottles for whisky. Toggi outdoor clothing is at Confederation Park at the M621 junction 2 with the A643, and with Champion who make riding hats and body protectors; 600 Group, based near junction 2 of the M621, are the world's biggest manufacturer of manual and CNC lathes; it makes Colchester-Harrison lathes, and Pratt Burnerd International lathe-chucks with a lathe factory at Heckmondwike. Oliver Douglas, on the Tong Road Ind Estate off the B6154 in Wortley, make industrial washing machines. Perry Uniform makes many school uniforms for many independent schools next to the railway off the B6154 in Upper Armley. Sulzer Pumps UK have a large manufacturing facility on the A6110 near the A643 roundabout. Pland Stainless make large sinks for laboratories and hospitals. Leeds is the second largest manufacturing city in the UK, after London.
Morrisons is based in Bradford; it has 132,000 staff and opened its first supermarket in 1961 in a converted cinema; it turned over £17.6bn in 2015, and is the region's second largest company. Also in Bradford are Club 18-30, Provident Financial, Seabrook Potato Crisps, Safestyle UK, Yorkshire Building Society, Stylo, the Grattan catalogue retailer, and Yorkshire Water. Santander UK has its savings division there. The Halifax bank is based in Halifax, the Yorkshire Bank and Leeds Building Society in Leeds, and with UK Asset Resolution and NRAM Limited in Crossflatts. The area between Leeds, Bradford and Wakefield is known as the Rhubarb Triangle.
Empire Stores of Bradford was Britain's first mail order firm in 1890, bought by Redcats UK and closed in 2009; it is now the site of Redcats UK in the north of the town centre. BASF Performance Products is in Low Moor; it makes many chemicals including thickening agents. Bowers Metrology Group, on the B6381 near the junction with A6177 at Bradford Moor, are a leading measuring instruments company, and part of Spear & Jackson. Equifax is off the A650 in central Bradford, opposite the Leisure Exchange; next door RBS Group have a call centre. Federal-Mogul, off the A650 in east Bradford, makes automotive parts. Princes Soft Drinks have their main factory south of the A650 at Tong Street; Next have a large warehouse nearby.
BorgWarner Turbo Systems make automotive turbochargers on the Euroway Ind Est off the M606, and produces around 750,000 a year; Jacuzzi UK is nearby. Knightsbridge Furniture is on the B6165 in Lister Hills. Nufarm UK, make chemicals for phenoxy herbicides, between Wyke and Oakenshaw. Hield is in Trident parish, south of the city centre. Pace plc in Saltaire is the global market leader in set-top boxes; Pace bought part of Acorn, and based its set top boxes on the RISC OS, which it owned. Denso Marston Ltd make car radiators in Shipley; HMRC have their main national payments office between the River Aire and the Leeds Liverpool canal at Shipley, opposite Salt's Mill, in a hexagonal building; CarnaudMetalbox Engineering are based off the A6038, and make metal canning machines. Anetic Aid is on Baildon Business Park on the A6038, and make operating theatre equipment. Brook Taverner is Europe's largest corporate clothing supplier in Ingrow, off the A629. Cinetic Landis UK, at Cross Hills on the B6265, make CNC-controlled grinding machines.
Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd, where cat's eyes were invented by Percy Shaw, are in Boothtown, in the north of Halifax. Rhodia Novecare UK are at Holywell Green, south of Halifax, and make surfactants for cosmetics; to the north sia Fibral make non-woven abrasives at Greetland off the B6114 with the company's UK HQ in Brighouse. Gower Furniture is north-east of Halifax in Holmfield in Bradshaw. McVitie's Cake Company is in west Halifax. Timeform are near the A58/A629 roundabout in the north of the town centre and the A58 bridge over Hebble Brook. Crosslee plc, south of Hipperholme on the A644 towards Brighouse, is Europe's largest independent tumble dryer manufacturer, under the White Knight brand. Calrec Audio, an electronics firm that makes mixing desks, are on the A6033 at Nutclough, Hebden Bridge. Cressi-Sub UK are at Atlas Mill, Brighouse; Kent Introl are in the east of Brighouse off the A644. Bedford Shelving are to the west. Marshalls plc are next to the River Calder in Elland and Arran Isle, near Suma Foods. Terberg DTS UK, supply its own distribution tractors and Schopf aircraft tow tractors from Lowfields Business Park, next to the River Calder off the A629 in Elland; nearby Weir Power & Industrial make Hopkinson and Batley brands of valves.
Fox's Biscuits and Cattles are in Batley; HSL Manufacturing are on Grange Road Ind Est in the east of Batley, north of Hanging Heaton. Rohm and Haas UK is on the B6117 in Dewsbury Moor, on the south edge of Heckmondwike. Birkby’s Plastics make automotive components in Liversedge, and was the first company in the UK to mould plastic in the First World War. Rieter Automotive make car furnishings on the A638 in Heckmondwike. TMD Friction make brake pads off the A638 at Chain Bar, Cleckheaton; Tangerine Confectionery is on the A643. Status International UK is in the centre of Cleckheaton. Mars Complementary Petcare is off the A62 on the Oakwell Way Ind Estate at Birstall, next to Birstall Shopping Park; nearby is Pitchero, a sports website firm. Poundstretcher is in Deighton east of Huddersfield.
s and cyhalothrin insecticide
David Brown Ltd. is in Lockwood in Huddersfield; this company owned Aston Martin from 1947 to 1972 and the company is now part of Textron. In Huddersfield are Cummins Turbo Technologies who make turbochargers, VTL Group make automotive components, Fired Up Group who own Armco Security and Corby of Windsor, Brook Crompton and Graham Group. To the east of Fired Up is Britannia Rescue at the A616/B6432 junction. Broadbent, make industrial centrifuges in central Huddersfield. Many fabric companies are in Huddersfield and the surrounding areas; Taylor & Lodge, owned by Bulmer & Lumb of Bradford, wove cloth for the 2011 Royal Wedding; Dugdale Bros & Co are in the centre. Novaglaze produced the glass for the London Eye. Trojan Plastics is the UK's largest bath manufacturer in Milnsbridge in west Huddersfield next to the River Colne. Thornton & Ross healthcare is on the A62 next to the River Colne in Linthwaite. Dathan Tool & Gauge are in Meltham. John Cotton at the A62/A644 junction in Mirfield are Europe's largest producer of duvets. Camira Fabrics is based at Hopton Mills, south of Mirfield, with a manufacturing site off the B6108 in the east of Meltham, and makes the upholstery for London buses; further north next to River Calder is a site of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories in the south of Mirfield. Overlooked by the Emley Moor tower at the Grange Moor Roundabout off the A637 and A642 at Grange Moor in Kirkburton is Bonmarché, previously owned by Peacocks until 2012.
Hickson & Welch were in Castleford and closed in 2005. Netto UK was in South Elmsall until 2011. Nestle made Toffee Crisp and After Eight in Castleford until 2012 then made in Halifax, and Haribo makes liquorice and Pontefract cakes in Pontefract. Burberry had a main clothing factory in Castleford until the end of 2015, which is planned to move to Leeds. Cott Beverages are between the A645 and the railway in the east of Pontefract ; Tangerine Confectionery make Butterkist popcorn north of Cott Beverages, near Pontefract Monkhill railway station, on the site which claims to be the birthplace of liquorice. Ardagh Glass UK is in the south of Knottingley, with sites at Monk Bretton and Wheatley. Stölzle Flaconnage makes glass containers, between the A645 and the Aire and Calder Navigation, and further along the A645, Tradebe recycle solvents. Total Lubricants UK is in Knottingley on the B6136. Plasmor is in the south-east of Knottingley, with a large site at Great Heck next to a former airfield where H+H make aircrete; both sites imported pulverised fuel ash from the former Eggborough power station; in east Knottingley, off the A645, Croda Hydrocarbons closed in 2008.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries UK is next to the M62 at Castleford, near Glasshoughton railway station. LPA Group off the A655 in Hopetown, Normanton makes LED lighting for trains; Poundworld was founded on a Wakefield market in 1974, and the family-owned company has 240 shops. To the west, Napier Brown makes Whitworths' sugar in Hopetown. On the other side of the M62 in Whitwood, Pioneer Technology UK closed their large plasma TV factory in March 2009. Coca-Cola UK claim to have the largest soft drinks factory in the world at its 41-acre site, with 71,000 sq metres of buildings, at Outwood, which was built in 1989, and produces 6,000 cans and 3,300 bottles a minute, producing 100 million cases of soft drinks a year; the bottle caps are made out of HDPE. To keep up with supply, Rexam have a can factory next door. Nearby is the headquarters of Card Factory, with over 800 shops is Britain's biggest card shop chain and started in 1997; opposite is the Yorkshire Purchasing Organisation, which buys stock for most of the region's metropolitan boroughs and North Yorkshire, on south-west side of Wakefield 41. On the other side of the roundabout is Mitre Sports International. Morrisons have their Rathbones Bakeries on Wakefield 41.
Group Rhodes off the A638 in east Wakefield, make machine cells. On the Flanshaw Ind Est in west Wakefield is Technal and Wicona, part of Norsk Hydro. Bombardier built trains at Horbury until 2006 where they made CrossCountry's Class 221 Super Voyager and Class 220 Voyager. Northern Foods are now based at Trinity Business Park off the A636 south of Wakefield town centre. Wakefield Shirt Group is next to the River Calder. Double TWO shirts are based off the A638 in central Wakefield. Nooter/Eriksen UK is off the A636 next to Denby Dale railway station, and produce heat recovery steam generator

Sheffield is known for its steel industry, which has declined in recent years. Outokumpu near the Tinsley Viaduct make stainless steel, just north of the former airport, with access via the A631. Polestar is on the A631 in former Brinsworth, now in Sheffield.On the opposite side of the A631 is Betafence UK, part of the world's main fencing manufacturer, and its second biggest plant; near the start of the A631 is Tuffnells Parcel Express. Nearby, Nederman UK make fume extraction equipment. Durham Duplex and High Speed and Carbide make razor blades and industrial knives on the B6082 in Wood Hill. Nearby Davy Markham on the A6102 at Darnall, fabricate steel and it has one of largest engineering workshops in western Europe. In the same area is William Cook Cast Products.

Egginton make cutlery in Netherthorpe, in the St Vincent's Quarter east of the Shalesmoor A61 roundabout, which owns Ibberson, George Wostenholm, William Rodgers, and Joseph Rodgers, the world's oldest brand of cutlery known for their pen-knives and military knives. Magtec, on the B6083 in Brightside next to the River Don, makes diesel-electric hybrid drive systems that can be retro-fitted to vehicles. Technicut is the UK's market leader in rotary cutting tools on the A6178 in Brightside. Arconic Forgings is at Carbrook off the A6102. Gripple make connectors for wire fences. British Silverware is off the A6109, in the industrial area. SCX Group in Wincobank built the rectractable-roof for the No. 1 Court. Polestar, at Tinsley off the A631 next to the M1, claim to have the most advanced gravure printing plant in Europe. Tinsley Bridge off the A631 makes suspension springs and torsion bars. SIG plc and Stanley Tools UK are at the former city airport, with a manufacturing plant off the A631 on the Hellaby Ind Estate next to the M18, and had a former site on the B6075 in Sheffield. Siemens VAI UK is on Sheffield Business Park near the former airport, with EVO Group, who own the Banner stationery company, and Ansys has one of two main offices. Go Outdoors, owned by JD Sports since 2016, are in the south of Sheffield, near Bramall Lane off the A61; Hi Gear Products, their brand is on the Boston Street Ind Est.
factory in Owlerton
Cadbury UK make liquorice allsorts in the north of Sheffield on the A61 next-door to Owlerton Stadium; it is Cadbury's Gum & Liquorice division, and also makes Belvita and Oreo for UK market. Swann Morton is a world-leading manufacturer of scalpel blades and medical equipment at Owlerton opposite Bassetts on the A61. Plusnet, learndirect, Online Centres Network, and Jobcentre Plus are in the city centre. Virgin Media have a main contact centre directly south of Don Valley Stadium, and next to the tram line. Spear & Jackson, the garden tool company, are in the north of Sheffield. B. Braun Medical is at High Green, next to the A616 roundabout in Chapeltown, and Ronseal is nearby further south on northern edge of Chapeltown. MachineWorks in Sheffield is the leading developer of CNC simulation on the B6069 near Sheffield Botanical Gardens.
in December 2007
Rosebys were in Rotherham, before 2008, and KP make their nuts in Eastwood, to the north of the town. MTL Group, a steel fabrication company, is based off the A631 in Brinsworth who claim to have the largest press brake in the world. Swinden House is home of Liberty Speciality Steels's main Swinden Technology Centre, its main R&D centre in the UK, opposite Rotherham General Hospital on the A618. Brinsworth Strip Mills, run by Liberty Speciality Steels, is opposite the Magna museum, south of the A6178, and makes narrow strip steel. The Primary Mill makes steel billets and blooms – continuous casting with an electric arc furnace with a melting shop, and is also known as Aldwarke Works. Thrybergh Mill is east of the river off the A630, making steel bar, in a rolling mill. The Brightbar Mill is off the A6123, on the west side of the railway next to Rawmarsh, making coiled bar, in a rolling mill. These three sites around are known as Rotherham Works. Beatson Clark makes glass containers off the A6123 north of Rotherham Central railway station.
Dormer Tools UK is on Waverley Business Park in Catcliffe, off the B6066 next to Morrisons. LuK UK make clutches at Wales, south of Aston near the M1 junction 31 with the A57. Jeld-Wen UK make doors on Swallownest Ind Est on the B6200 in Aston cum Aughton. Laycast were nearby until November 2006, based off the B6200 at Aston cum Aughton, at which steel flywheels, vibration dampers and compacted graphite iron clutch plates were cast at its foundry. Kiveton Park Steel is on the B6059 next to Kiveton Park railway station, mostly in North and South Anston.
in Russia
Macalloy in Dinnington is a world-leader in threaded tension bar. Fresh-Pak Chilled Foods, off the A633 at Waterside Park, Wombwell, make most of the egg mayonnaise found in British sandwiches and for sandwich fillers. Morphy Richards and Roberts Radio are based between Swinton and Mexborough. Maplin Electronics is based on the former site of Manvers Main Colliery in Wath-upon-Dearne, off the A6023, with the call centre of EE broadband next door. The UK Commission for Employment and Skills is nearby, next to Dearne Valley College, which also looks after Investors in People. Stelrad in Swinton Bridge is the UK's largest producer of domestic radiators, producing 2.5 million a year, and Europe's leading radiator company, based off the A6022. MGB Plastics, on the A6123 in north Rotherham on Barbot Hall Ind Estate, are the UK's largest manufacturer of wheelie bins, making around 1 million per year.
North-east of Barnsley is Ardagh Glass at Monk Bretton. Slightly further north is Mr Kipling at Carlton; the site was Lyons Cakes before April 1995, then RHM's Manor Bakeries until 2007, and makes their exceedingly good fruit pies; one million chocolate yule logs are made there and it is the largest mince pie factory in the world. Jack Fulton is next to the railway, off the A637 at Darton. Wharncliffe Publishing are in Barnsley, and to the east on the A628 in Oakwell, Potters Europe make glass microspheres for road reflectors. Galpharm International and Koyo Bearings are at Dodworth near Barnsley. BRC on the Claycliffe Ind Estate, off the A637 in the north of Barnsley, makes rebar. Naylor Industries, off the B6096 between Wombwell and Darfield make earthenware pipes for drainage. Kostal UK make steering column switches and electrical connectors off the A635 at Highgate in Goldthorpe. On the A6195 Grimethorpe Bypass at Little Houghton is the NDC of ASOS.com, in the Dearne Valley, near the former site of Houghton Main Colliery. Lotus Professional is off the A6102 north of Oughtibridge, north-west of Sheffield, in Wortley.
DFS is at Adwick le Street near the A1/A638 junction. Crompton Lighting have their main factory in Wheatley Park on the A630 in north-east Doncaster. Unipart Rail have a headquarters next to Wabtec Rail, who make railway air brakes, off the A6182 near Potteric Carr at the J3 Business Park, near VolkerRail; nearby are two Amazon fulfilment centres, with another at the Doncaster iPort in Rossington. Relate is based off the A6182 – and on same site VolkerRail Doncaster is next to DB Cargo UK, Schenck Process UK, and Thales have a data centre next door. Webasto have their UK headquarters next to Lakeside Village, Doncaster on the A6182, and make sunroofs and air-conditioning systems. McCormick Tractors had a tractor plant in Doncaster until 2007. Bridon International, a world-leading manufacturer of wire ropes, are based at Balby Carr, off St Catherines Interchange junction 3 of the M18, and Montracon are headquartered there, with a manufacturing site at Market Weighton; nearby are Darfen Durafencing have been trading for over 100 years, and are the market leader in permanent fencing. Pegler Yorkshire are near the A630 in Balby Carr, further along from Bridon, with MSI-Quality Forgings opposite with Global-MSI who manufacture petrol station forecourts. Polypipe is in Edlington. CME Sanitary Systems in Warmsworth makes the UK's best selling plastic toilet seats off the Warmsworth Interchange of the A1. Fellowes UK is based on West Moor Park, off West Moor Interchange junction 4 of the M18 in Armthorpe. Wirquin UK is off the B6376 in Warmsworth.

Sport

The English Institute of Sport is situated in north-east Sheffield, towards Tinsley Viaduct; it is the home of many indoor national sports teams, and Basketball England.
The Sports Turf Research Institute, off the B6459 at Bingley St Ives in Harden, west of Bingley, is the
world authority on natural and artificial sports turf.
Sheffield is the home of UK climbing, being near the Peak District, and most well-known climbs are at Malham Cove, Kilnsey and Gordale.

Football

The region is home to numerous Premier League and Football League clubs. Leeds United, Sheffield Wednesday, Sheffield United and Huddersfield Town are the most successful clubs in the region in terms of trophies won, each winning 9, 9, 5 and 4 major trophies respectively. Leeds United are the most successful club in terms of European appearances and success, they have also been the UEFA coefficient Top Club on 3 occasions, more than any other English club.
Sheffield F.C., founded in October 1857, is the world's oldest football club still in existence; they play in the Evo-Stik Northern Premier League. The world's first inter-club match took place on 26 December 1860 between this club and Hallam F.C.. Herbert Chapman introduced numbered shirts. The Sheffield Rules introduced free-kicks, corners and throw-ins.
On 9 May 1867 Thomas Hogg and James Hogg from Skelton introduced football to South America in Argentina, founding Buenos Aires Football Club.
Here is a list of the Football League clubs in the region ranked in their league position at the end of the 2018–19 season.
  1. Huddersfield Town, 20th in the Premier League
  2. Sheffield United, 2nd in the Championship.
  3. Leeds United, 3rd in the Championship.
  4. Sheffield Wednesday, 12th in the Championship.
  5. Hull City, 13th in the Championship.
  6. Rotherham United, 22nd in the Championship.
  7. Barnsley, 2nd in League One.
  8. Doncaster Rovers, 6th in League One.
  9. Scunthorpe United, 23rd in League One.
  10. Bradford City, 24th in League One.
  11. Grimsby Town, 17th in League Two.

    Rugby League

The area, similar to north Cheshire and parts of Greater Manchester, is synonymous with rugby league. Tanya Arnold, presents the BBC rugby league programme Super League Show, broadcast nationwide from Leeds. On 22 August 1895 at the George Hotel in Huddersfield, twenty-two northern rugby clubs formed the Northern Rugby Football Union; the RFL is now based in the north-east of Leeds.
Local teams are:
The St Leger Stakes, at Doncaster Racecourse, is the world's oldest classic horse race, first run in 1776, founded by Major-General Anthony St. Leger; the Doncaster Cup, first run in 1766, is the world's oldest continuing regulated horse race.

Cricket

, of Saltaire, took 46 wickets in a 5-test series, a record.

Education

There are 15 local education authorities in the Yorkshire and Humber region. The schools in each authority are listed in the following –

Schools are mostly comprehensive, with some grammar schools in North Yorkshire, Calderdale and Kirklees.
There are around 235,000 at the region's secondary schools, the 4th lowest for English regions. The region has the highest overall truancy rate in England for both urban and rural areas. Inside the region for districts, Leeds has the highest rate with 6.9% persistent truants at secondary school, then Hull is second with 6.3%. Calderdale has the lowest truancy rate for unitary authorities, almost half that of Leeds, followed by North Lincolnshire. For districts Craven has the lowest rate.
The schools in Hull have often performed among the worst in England at GCSE after Knowsley in Merseyside. To Hull's credit, three schools in its LEA get above-average GCSE results whereas Knowsley usually has none. Also at GCSE, schools in Barnsley and Bradford have low-achieving results with Barnsley the worst of these, and the lowest in the region in 2010. All three of these areas coincidentally have an above-average teenage pregnancy problem. In past years, Doncaster would be included in this group, but has managed to perform much better. For the metropolitan areas, Calderdale and Wakefield consistently perform the best, with both above the England average. Rotherham usually has the best results in South Yorkshire, but in 2010 it was Doncaster. York and North Yorkshire consistently perform the best at GCSE in the region, and with the East Riding of Yorkshire have results above the UK average.
Schoolchildren in Kingston upon Hull are most likely not to pass any GCSEs – over 6% with Bradford having a similar proportion, closely followed by Sheffield and North East Lincolnshire. The East Riding of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire have the fewest not passing any GCSEs, followed by York.
For OFSTED inspections across England, the region has the highest proportion of schools with bad behaviour and the lowest proportion of schools with good behaviour. South West England has the best behaving schoolchildren. Inside the region, Hull has the highest proportion of schools with bad behaviour – the worst in England – and York schools have the highest proportion of schools with outstanding behaviour.
At A-level North Lincolnshire, Kirklees, Hull, York and North Yorkshire perform quite well with Kirklees consistently being the best by a large margin and one of the highest in England, all having results above the England average. Wakefield and Calderdale were also close to the England average. The excellent Kirklees result is due to Greenhead College in Huddersfield, and North Lincolnshire's results are due to the John Leggott College, also a sixth form college. The districts of South Yorkshire perform the least in the area at A-level with Rotherham having the best results in this area, slightly below-average, and the other three districts achieve similar results, much lower than those in the former districts of Humberside. Leeds and Bradford now get the lowest results in West Yorkshire.
For both A-level and GCSE, Barnsley and Bradford are very low performing, with Barnsley usually getting the lowest A-level results in the region, but in 2010 North East Lincolnshire came bottom with unusually low results. Hull and northern Lincolnshire have a wide socio-economic diversity – many under-achieving pupils at 16 but with high performers at A-level. Hull, although much worse at GCSE, outperforms the East Riding of Yorkshire at A-level.
School children in North Yorkshire are the most likely to go to university – they also get the best A level results, and those in the East Riding of Yorkshire are likely to go to university, but get lower overall A level results.

Top twenty state schools in Yorkshire and the Humber (2015 A-level results)

  1. Fulford School
  2. Heckmondwike Grammar School
  3. Ermysted's Grammar School, Skipton
  4. Greenhead College, Huddersfield
  5. Skipton Girls' High School
  6. The Crossley Heath School, Halifax
  7. Ripon Grammar School
  8. Ilkley Grammar School
  9. Huntington School, York
  10. Archbishop Holgate's School, York
  11. Penistone Grammar School
  12. Wickersley School and Sports College
  13. Wyke College, Hull
  14. Tadcaster Grammar School
  15. South Holderness Technology College
  16. Malton School
  17. St Mary's Catholic Voluntary Academy, Menston
  18. South Hunsley School
  19. Bingley Grammar School
  20. Cathedral Academy, Wakefield

    Colleges

There are twenty seven FE colleges. The main four colleges are Bradford College, East Riding College, Doncaster College, Grimsby Institute, and Hull College.
– looking towards the Roger Stevens Building

Universities

There are ten universities and three higher education colleges in Yorkshire and the Humber, along with 27 Further Education colleges teaching some Higher Education courses.
The Krebs Cycle was discovered at the University of Sheffield in 1937. Liquid crystal displays were developed by the University of Hull in 1972, in conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment in Worcestershire. Low fat spreads were developed at the University of Leeds in the 1980s, and in the 1930s William Astbury's x-ray diffraction experiments at the university started the road to the discovery of the double helix structure.
Sheffield Hallam University is the largest in the region with 37,000 students, but does not have the most funding. The University of Leeds is not too far behind. The University of York, a large campus similar to a collegiate university, gets much less funding than Leeds and Sheffield, but has quite a high research grant for its size, about half that of Leeds or Sheffield. The other universities do not have large research grants. Leeds and Sheffield have around twice as much total income than any other university. York and Bradford are the two smallest universities.
For first degree students at universities in the region, 27% are native to the region, 16% are from North West England and 11% from the East Midlands; 48% are from Northern England and around 25% from Southern England. Access to the M62 determines the regions from which the region's universities' students originate from – the nearer they are to the motorway the easier it is to study in the Yorkshire and Humber region. For first degree students native to the region, 43% stay in the region, 16% go to the North West, 11% to the North East and 11% to the East Midlands; just under 10% go to Southern England, with 70% staying in Northern England.
Once graduated, 53% of the region's universities' graduates stay to find work in the region, with around 10% moving to the North West ; 70% stay in Northern England, with 20% going to Southern England.

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