Ethnic groups in the Philippines

Identity

History

Native Ethnolinguistic Nations

Lowland Ethnolinguistic Nations

Luzon

Mimaropa Region">Mimaropa">Mimaropa Region

Visayas

Mindanao

Moro

Highland Ethnolinguistic Nations

Igorot

Mangyan

Tribal Palaweño

Suludnon

Negrito

Lumad

Immigrants

Historical Foreign Migrants & Intermixed Peoples

Name	Image	Description	Notes	Country Relations
Filipinos with Arab Ancestry		Arab traders first visited the Philippines during the precolonial era. They sailed through Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, for trade and commerce on their way to trade with China, just like Persian and Indian traders. These early Arab traders followed the pre-Islamic religions of Arabian Christianity, Paganism and Sabeanism. After the advent of Islam, in 1380, Karim ul’ Makhdum, the first Islamic missionary to reach the Sulu Archipelago, brought Islam to what is now the Philippines, first arriving in Jolo. Subsequent visits of Arab Muslim missionaries strengthened the Islamic faith in the Philippines, concentrating in the south and reaching as far north as Manila. Starting with the conquest of Malaysia by the Portuguese and Indonesia by the Dutch, the Philippines began to receive a number of Malaysian-Arab refugees including several Malaysian princes and displaced court advisors. Soon, vast sultanates were established overlapping the existing indigenous Filipino barangay governing system and Indianized royalty. The two largest were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, which loosely governed most of southern Mindanao and the Sultanate of Sulu, which included Basilan, Jolo, and parts of Borneo. Several other smaller but famous sultanates were also established such as the sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao, which was later conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century. The ties between the sultanates in Mindanao remained economically and culturally close to Indonesia, Brunei, and Malaysia until the end of the 19th century when the sultanates were weakened by the Spanish and later the American military during the Spanish and American colonial period. Today, there are numerous Arab-descended Filipino families, especially royal or noble muslim families in Mindanao. In modern times, there has also been immigration from Arab countries in the middleeast, especially those recently devastated by war in the recent decades like Lebanon and Syria.		–
Spanish Filipino		Spanish Filipinos are any citizen or resident of the Philippines who is of pure or mostly Spanish or Hispanic origin. The majority of the Filipinos of Spanish descent are of Andalusian origin, while a minority are Catalan or Basque descents. Historically, they first settled in the Philippines, as soon as, Spanish colonization commenced in the disunited archipelago of the time. They have historically composed the ruling upper class of the Spanish colonial era and their legacy includes the mestizos de español and tornatrás, which combined with them, are represented in all levels of Philippine society and are integrated politically and economically, in the private and government sector. In the Spanish colonial era, they used to also be classified as either Peninsulares, Americano, or Filipino/Insulares. Currently, they mostly speak and can code-switch between English and Filipino or other Philippine languages, just like other Filipinos, but some families can still speak Philippine Spanish, the historical Spanish dialect of the Philippines. They historically brought Philippine Spanish into the Philippines, which is very similar to Mexican Spanish, because of Mexican and Latin American emigration to the Spanish East Indies over the years. It is spoken mostly among Spanish Filipinos and was the prestige language during the Spanish colonial period. This Spanish dialect went into decline and has largely been taken out of the mainstream languages of the Philippines during the American colonial era, but it has left a large linguistic imprint into most if not all Philippine languages. Some parts of the country with a larger Spanish Filipino influence produced a Spanish-based creole called Chavacano, that is still spoken in Zamboanga, Cavite city, and Ternate. Some of the richest families in the country are from Spanish Filipino families that inherit their family owned companies or conglomerates.		–
Chinese Filipino		Chinese Filipinos are Filipinos of Chinese descent, mostly born and raised in the Philippines. Most migrations of Chinese to the Philippines started even before the Spanish colonial period, when foreign trade with other countries were opened to the Philippines. Ethnic Chinese sailed around the Philippine Islands from the 9th century onward and frequently interacted with the local Filipinos. Some datus, rajahs, and lakans in the Philippines were themselves a product of the intermarriage between the Chinese merchant-settlers and the local Filipinos. Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. There are approximately at least 1.35 million Filipinos or more with Chinese ancestry, which is at least 1.3% of the population. In addition, Mestizos de Sangley—Filipinos with at least some Chinese ancestry—comprise a substantial proportion of the Philippine population, although the actual figures are not known. The majority of the Filipinos of Chinese descent are of Hokkien origin, while a small minority are Cantonese or Teochew descents. Chinese Filipinos of Hokkien descent mostly trace roots from Fujian province, specifically mostly from Quanzhou and Xiamen and to a lesser extent from Zhangzhou, thus the Philippine Hokkien dialect mostly takes from the Quanzhou dialect with influences from the Xiamen dialect and the Zhangzhou dialect. Some Hokkien Chinese Filipinos before moving to the Philippines also initially moved from Hong Kong, despite originally being from Fujian province, thus many carry family names spelled in the Cantonese style despite being Hokkien themselves. Meanwhile the Chinese Filipinos of Cantonese descent mostly trace roots from Guangdong province, specifically Taishan, Guangzhou, and Macau, thus many speak the Taishanese or mainstream Cantonese. Lastly, Chinese Filipinos of Teochew descent are a rare minority, where not much is known about them except that they are frequently confused with those of Hokkien ancestry but may instead have Teochew as heritage language. Historically, the Chinese have been trading and settling with the peoples of the Philippines even during the precolonial era, ever since the Tang dynasty era in China, but it was during the first few centuries of the early Spanish colonial period, when they settled in larger numbers. In Spanish colonial times, Chinese immigrants used to be called "Sangley" which in Hokkien means "business", but centuries later, they eventually intermixed with other natives and/or Spanish Filipinos producing Mestizo de Sangley and Tornatrás. Over the centuries, generations have both been gradually assimilated and replenished from occasional fresh immigration from family or village contacts in their Hokkien home province of Fujian in China or Taiwan, so they are still well represented in all levels of Filipino society, while leaving many historical contributions to Philippine society. Many Chinese Filipinos also play an important role in the Philippine business sector. Many of the richest families in the country are from Chinese Filipino families that run big conglomerate companies. Currently, they mostly speak and can code-switch between English and Filipino or other Philippine languages, just like other Filipinos, but some families can still speak Philippine Hokkien, the historical Hokkien dialect of the Philippines. Some have also studied Mandarin, but currently, the youth are usually not fluent due to lack of practical exposure. Philippine Hokkien has vocabulary which it halfway shares similarities with other Southeast Asian Hokkien dialects to its south, like Singaporean Hokkien, Penang Hokkien, Medan Hokkien, etc., and to the Hokkien dialects to its north like Taiwanese Hokkien. Philippine Hokkien has preserved vocabulary that those in China would regard as old-fashioned.		–
Japanese Filipino		Japanese people have also been settling in the Philippines for centuries, therefore there has been much cultural and genetic blending. The Ryukyu Kingdom also had heavy trade and mixing in the Philippines, particularly in Northern Luzon, as depicted in the Boxer Codex. Japanese Filipinos have an extensive history in the Philippines, such as trading during precolonial times like the extensive Rusun jar trade, the Japanese settlements found in Northern Luzon, and the catholic christian kirishitan exiles during the Edo period, but throughout the centuries, their numbers have dwindled as generations assimilated without much replenishment from Japan. In Spanish colonial times, they were called as Iapon/Japon/Hapon or Xaponese/Japonés/Hapones or sometimes also confused with Sangley, so their children sometimes would be regarded too as Mestizo de Sangley or Tornatrás. During the American colonial era, Japanese laborers were brought in to build the Benguet Road to Baguio, but eventually after the project, many moved to work in abaca plantations in Davao, where Davao soon became dubbed as Davaokuo or Ko Nippon Koku with a Japanese school, a Shinto shrine and a diplomatic mission from Japan. Many have roots from either Okinawa or Mainland Japan. When World War II broke out, many were killed or expelled because of their unwilling or willing fifth column collaboration with the Japanese Imperial Army. This led to many Japanese mestizos who tended to deny their Japanese heritage and changed their family names in order to avoid discrimination. Eventually, many either intermarried and assimilated into the Filipino populace, such as those in Davao who intermarried with the Bagobo, and those in Baguio with the Igorot. Many eventually completely lost their Japanese identity while others have immigrated to the US or "returned" to Japan, the homeland of their forebears. Most Japanese Filipinos in the modern times are now fresh new immigrants from Japanese businessmen who went with female OFW entertainers in Japan. The Filipina mothers usually return to the Philippines with their children along with them. Other Japanese who stayed in the country initially came to the Philippines to learn English or set up businesses. These days, most Japanese Filipinos can be found around Davao or Baguio or Iloilo or Cebu, with only a few around Metro Manila, though historically there used to be many around Manila, such as Plaza Dilao in Paco, Manila.		–
Mestizo de Español		These are mixed descendants of the native peoples of the Philippines with the Spanish and Hispanic settlers who settled in the Spanish East Indies during the Spanish Era. Most were of either Spanish ancestry or Amerindian-Spanish ancestry. The first groups of Hispanics sailed in 1565 with Miguel López de Legazpi from New Spain, in what is now Jalisco state, Mexico to colonize the Philippines.		–
Mestizo de Sangley		These are mixed descendants of the native peoples of the Philippines with the Chinese and sometimes Japanese migrants who settled in the Spanish East Indies during the Spanish Era. Most were of Hokkien Chinese ancestry with a few being of Cantonese or Taishanese or sometimes Japanese ancestry. Sangley is a Hokkien word from sng-lí meaning "business."		–
Tornatrás		These are mixed descendants of the above Mestizo de Español with the Mestizo de Sangley settlers, or vice versa, who settled in the Spanish East Indies during the Spanish Era. Most would now have native ancestry, along with usually Hokkien Chinese ancestry or sometimes Cantonese/Taishanese or Japanese ancestry and with Spanish or Hispanic ancestry.		–
Indian Filipino / Mestizo de Bombay		Philippines has been part of Indianized kingdoms from the 7th century Srivijaya and earlier era. Indian culture, language, scripture, food, belief, arts, martial arts, epics have had profound impact on pre-Spanish Philippines which is still visible. They have contributed to the unique cultural blend in the Philippines. One source estimated the size of the Indian community in the Philippines in 2008 at 150,000 persons. Most Indians in the Philippines belong to either Sindhi or Punjabi ethnic groups, and are largely businessmen and traders. A smaller population of Indians belonging to the Marathi ethnic group form part of the clergy of Roman Catholic dioceses in the country. Besides age old indianized influences from indianized history of precolonial states inherited from neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia, Indian Filipinos or Mestizo de Bombay are the mixed colonial descendants of the native peoples of the Philippines with the Indian or Bumbay migrants from Bombay or Sepoy soldiers from Madras who settled in the Spanish East Indies during the Spanish Era, especially during the British occupation of Manila in the Seven Years War. Many settled in what is Cainta, in what was then the Province of Manila. As of 2006, between 70 and 75 percent of Indians in the Philippines lived in Metro Manila, with the largest community outside of Manila being in Isabela province. The region in and around Cainta still has many Sepoy descendants. However, Indian business people started to arrive in larger numbers in The Philippines during the American colonial period – especially during the 1930s and 1940s, when many Indians and Indian Filipinos lived in Filipino provinces, including Davao. The longest serving Mayor of Manila, Ramon Bagatsing, was of Indian-Punjabi descent, having moved to Manila from Fabrica, Negros Occidental before the second world war. A second surge of Indian businessmen, especially Sindhis arrived in Philippines during the 1947 India-Pakistan partition. In the present day, most of the Indians and Indian Filipinos in the Philippines are Sindhi and Punjabi as well as a large Tamil population. Many are fluent in Filipino and English as well as local languages of the provinces and islands. Many are prosperous middle class with their main occupations in clothing sales and marketing. Sikhs are involved largely in finance, money lending, sales and marketing.		–
Sangil/Sangirese		The Sangil people are originally from the Sangihe and Talaud Islands and parts of Davao Occidental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, and North Cotabato. Their populations were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the colonial era. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to Protestant Christianity due to proximity and contact with the Christian Minahasa people of Sulawesi. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to Islam due to the influence of the neighboring Sultanate of Maguindanao. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both Manado Malay and Cebuano are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the Sangirese language. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown, but is estimated to be around 10,000 people.		–
Jewish Filipino		The Spanish Inquisition in the 16th century forced many Jews in Spain to convert to Christianity or to flee. These Jewish "New Christians" were known as "marranos" or "conversos", a term which included converted Muslims. Sephardi Jews are those Jews coming from the Iberian Peninsula and settled in the Philippines, particularly, in Northern Samar. Some, called Crypto-Jews, observed their Jewish rites in secret. The Inquisition investigated and persecuted many of the Conversos, accusing them of practicing in secret, some without substantial basis. Thus many of the original Jews and Marranos fled to the new Spanish colonies including the Philippines. The first permanent settlement of Jews in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial years began with the arrival of three Levy brothers from Alsace-Lorraine, who were escaping the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. As entrepreneurs, their business ventures over the years included jewelry retail, a general merchandising business, and import trade in gems, pharmaceuticals, and eventually automobiles. The opening of the Suez Canal in March 1869 provided a more direct trading route between Europe and the Philippines, allowing businesses to grow and the number of Jews in the Philippines to increase. The Levy brothers were subsequently joined by Turkish, Syrian, and Egyptian Jews, creating a multi-ethnic Jewish population of about fifty individuals by the end of the Spanish period. It was not until the Spanish–American War at the end of the 19th century, when the United States took control of the islands from Spain in 1898, that the Jewish community was allowed to officially organize and openly practice Judaism. When the Philippines became an American colony, American Jewish citizens took advantage of this new frontier. The arrival of American military forces to the Philippines brought Jewish servicemen who decided to remain in the islands after their military discharge and become permanent residents. Jewish teachers from the United States also arrived with a contingent of "Thomasites," a delegation of volunteer teachers, who gave public instruction to Filipino children. In addition to education, new markets for import-export businesses attracted young Jewish businessmen, who set up new shops in the Philippines or extended businesses from the U.S. mainland. By 1936, the Jewish community in the Philippines had a distinctly cosmopolitan makeup with a total population of about 500 persons. The threat to European Jewry by the Nazi government in the 1930s sparked a renewed Jewish consciousness. The small, decentralized and secularly minded Jewish Community of Manila took heroic steps to save fellow Jews from sure destruction, only becoming Jewish-conscious in a deep way when the Nazi threat came out of Europe, and there were thousands of Jews in desperate need of help. It was during the era of the Philippine Commonwealth, 1935–1946, that Jewish refugees from Europe sought a safe haven in Manila. The migration of Jews escaping Europe between 1935 and 1941 was the last major immigration of Jews to the Philippines. The first German Jews to arrive in Manila actually came from the Jewish community in Shanghai. With the occupation of Peking by the Japanese in 1937, the four million inhabitants of Shanghai were endangered. Germany's shift of alliance from China to Japan at this time alarmed German Jews in Shanghai, fearing German pressure on Japan to adopt Nazi anti-Jewish policies. Fearing for them as well, the Jewish Community in Manila, led by the Frieder Brothers of Cincinnati, organized the Jewish Refugee Committee of Manila with the intention of rescuing German members of the Shanghai Jewish community. These Jews had already been deprived of their German citizenship, and the Gestapo presence that was taking root in Japanese areas threatened Jewish existence in Shanghai as well. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, the JRC received a telegram from Shanghai asking for assistance for Shanghai's refugee Jews. With the help of Feng-Shan Ho, the Chinese Consul-General in Austria, Austrian Jews were able to escape to other countries, including the Philippines, when Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to Germany in 1938. Manila then received 30 German Jewish refugee families from Shanghai, which then started a larger program that would eventually rescue 1300 refugee Jews from Europe between 1937 and 1941, the largest influx of Jews in Philippine history. It is important to realize that the mechanics of the refugee rescue plan in Manila involved many different people and agencies in the Philippines, in the United States, and in Germany. While it was important to have the cooperation and consent of President Quezon in this refugee rescue plan, all issues of Philippine foreign affairs was still totally in the hands of the U.S. State Department and would be until the Philippines was granted independence in 1946. What is unique to the rescue of refugee Jews in the Philippines is that the Jewish Community in Manila was granted authority by High Commissioner Paul McNutt and Philippine President Manuel Quezon to operate a selection committee to choose those who would be granted visas by the U.S. State Department. By an application and review process, Jewish refugees in Germany and Austria obtained visas for immigration from U.S. consular officers who had been instructed by the U.S. State Department to issue visas based on recommendations from the JRC in Manila. This successful Frieder-McNutt selection rescue plan led to the larger resettlement rescue plan that focused on the island of Mindanao as a destination for the mass resettlement of 10,000 refugee Jews. For the refugees who did manage to settle in the Philippines, the JRC organised committees to aid in finding employment and new homes for them in Manila. Though relatively modest in numbers when compared to the number of refugees worldwide, the newly arrived refugees nearly overwhelmed the small Jewish community of Manila, multiplying its numbers relatively overnight. In ironic turn of events occurred when all rescue plans halted with the invasion and occupation of the Philippines during WWII.		–
American Filipino / Filipino Americans		American settlement in the Philippines began during the Spanish colonial period, when Americans came to the islands primarily to conduct business and trade. They owned many businesses in the sugar industry. There was not much American inflow to the Philippines until after the Philippine–American War. After the USA won the war and colonized the Philippines, thousands of Americans settled there temporarily or permanently. Most were either members of the U.S. military or Christian missionaries. After independence in 1946, many Americans chose to remain in the Philippines while maintaining relations with relatives in the US. Most of them were professionals, but missionaries continued to settle the country. In 2015, the U.S. State Department estimated that there were more than 220,000 U.S. citizens living in the Philippines, with a significant mixed population of Amerasians and descendants from the colonial era as well. Since 1898, when the United States annexed the Philippines from Spain, there were as many as 21 U.S. bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there. The bases closed in 1992 leaving behind thousands of Amerasian children. There are an estimated 52,000 Amerasians in the Philippines, but an academic research paper presented in the U.S. by an Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines Amerasian college research study unit suggests that the number could be a lot more, possibly reaching 250,000 this is also partially due to the fact that almost all Amerasian intermarried with other Amerasian and Filipino natives. This group also includes Filipino American, and sometimes Filipino Canadian, returnee migrants from the United States and Canada.		–

Recent Modern Immigrants & Expatriates

name	Descriptions	Notes
Koreans	This group refers to the recent Korean immigrants from South Korea , Koryano / Koryana / Koreano / Koreana / taga-Korea / galing Korea, jaepillipin hangug-in / jaepillipin gyomin ), though there also might be a very rare few migrant workers from North Korea.' Recently, Koreans have been notable among the alien employment permit holders. The Japanese were the largest group from 1978 until 2006. Numbers of Koreans were not very remarkable until the 1990s when their numbers started to rise. This was the time when Filipinos started to work in the Republic of Korea, and the latter 1990s was the start of significant marriage migration from the Philippines—mostly Filipino women marrying Korean men. The migration of overseas Filipino workers to the Republic of Korea has been accompanied by a significant counter flow of Koreans to the Philippines, as well as the intensification of trade ties between the Philippines and the Republic of Korea. By 2007, Koreans have outranked the Japanese as the largest national group who have obtained employment permits, and they have become the largest group of tourist arrivals. Furthermore, Koreans account for a sizable share of foreign students and students as special permit holders.' Most of them are transient students and expatriates.' Most are tourists or students studying in the Philippines.' Due to this trend, there is a small rising community of Koreans in the Philippines and a small number of mixed Korean Filipino descendants, colloquially called Kopino or sometimes Korinoy. They mostly speak in Korean and/or English, while the locally raised Kopinos also speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with Korean to their family.
Chinese	This group refers to the recent Chinese immigrants from Mainland China , taga-Tsina / galing China, Huá-qiáo / Huá-fēi rén , or Tāi-dio̍k-á / Tiong-kok-lâng ), Taiwan , taga-Taiwan / galing Taiwan, Táiwān rén , Tâi-oân-lâng ), Hong Kong , taga-Hong Kong / galing Hong Kong, hoeng1 gong2 jan4 / gong2 jan4 , Hiong-káng-lâng / Keńg-tang-lâng ), Macau , taga-Macau / galing Macau, Ou3 mun4 jan4 , Ò-mn̂g-lâng / Keńg-tang-lâng ), and also migrant overseas Chinese groups from Singapore, taga-Singapore / galing Singapore / taga-Singapura / galing Singapura, Sin-ka-pho-lâng ), Malaysia, Instik na Malay / taga-Malaysia / galing Malaysia, Má-lâi-se-a-lâng ), and Indonesia, Instik na Indones / taga-Indonesia / galing Indonesia, Ìn-nî-lâng ). There are also some Chinese people who immigrated from British Hong Kong during the 20th century, that carried British National passports and citizenship. There has been a recent spike in tourists, foreign alien workers, and foreign students from China. Some have naturalized with Filipino citizenship and try to integrate with the historical local modern Chinese Filipino community. The main difference with these groups is that the historical Chinese Filipino community predominantly speaks English and Filipino, or other Philippine languages, and claims Philippine Hokkien as the heritage language of the majority, while this group mainly speaks in Standard Chinese and/or English. The Mandarin-speaking Chinese Filipinos who have sent their children to local schools and been raised here as locally raised second generation now also speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with Mandarin or Cantonese to their family.
Japanese	This group refers to the recent modern Japanese immigrants from Japan, Hapon / Hapones / Haponesa / taga-Japan / galing Japan, Zaifi Nihonjin ), as opposed to the historical Japanese Filipinos of centuries past mentioned above. Most Japanese living in the Philippines in modern times are now fresh new immigrants of the recent decades, most of which came either as students to learn English, as tourists or marine divers, or as businessmen to set up businesses or commercial partnerships. Since there have been many overseas Filipino workers or migrants in Japan, especially with the issue of female overseas Filipino entertainers in Japan, there have been a few modern Japanese Filipino descendants that have returned to the Philippines with their Filipina mothers. These days, most Japanese Filipinos can be found around Davao or Cebu, with only a few around Metro Manila, though historically there used to be many around Metro Manila. They mostly speak in Japanese and/or English, while the few locally raised Japinos also speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with Japanese to their family.
Americans	Some of these multiracial individuals are descended from Americans who settled in the Philippines during the United States colonial period as mentioned above, and others from tourists, local professionals, students, businessmen who have settled in the Philippines in the contemporary period. This group refers to recent modern American immigrants from the United States, Kano / Amerikano ). The group are the American citizens residing in the Philippines, which is composed of both American expatriates and Americans of Philippine ancestry which are returnee migrants from Filipino Americans of the United States., the U.S, State Department estimated that there are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 to 600,000 American citizens in the Philippines. They mostly speak in English, while the locally raised American Filipinos or Amerasians also speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages. Sometimes, European or African or Latin American tourists and expatriates in the Philippines are confused with American tourists or expatriates, leading to many also being called Kano .
Indian	This group refers to the recent modern Indian immigrants from India, Bumbay / Indiyano ) and also sometimes those from Nepal, Bumbay / taga-Nepal / galing Nepal ), Bangladesh, Bumbay / taga-Bangladesh / galing Bangladesh ), Sri Lanka, Bumbay / taga-Sri Lanka / galing Sri Lanka ), Pakistan, Bumbay / taga-Pakistan / galing Pakistan ), Maldives, Bumbay / taga-Maldives / galing Maldives ), or South Asia in general, and even those from Singapore, taga-Singapore / galing Singapore / taga-Singapura / galing Singapura ) and Malaysia, Bumbay na Malay / Indian na Malay / taga-Malaysia / galing Malaysia ). Likewise as those from above, besides from the historical Indian Filipinos, there have been recent immigrants, largely businessmen, traders, and a few students. They mostly speak in English or different languages from India like Tamil, Sindhi, Punjabi, Hindi, and Marathi, while the locally raised Indian Filipinos also speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with either of the above mentioned Indian languages to their family and friends.
British	This group refers to the recent modern British immigrants from the United Kingdom, Ingles / Briton/ taga-UK / galing UK / taga-Britanya / galing Britanya ), especially due to significant overseas Filipino population in the UK. Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely businessmen, traders, diplomats, professionals, tourists, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with the British or people from the UK in general. Their official population is unknown. They mostly speak in English, while the locally raised British Filipinos also speak in the local style of English and Filipino, or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano . There are also some Chinese people who immigrated from British Hong Kong during the 20th century, that carried British National passports and citizenship.
Iranians	This group refers to the recent modern Iranian immigrants from Iran, Persyano / taga-Iran / galing Iran ). Most are transient students, especially due to low tuition fees and the use of English as the medium of instruction in schools of the Philippines. Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, professionals, tourists, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Iranians. Those staying after being students or children of overseas Filipinos with Iranians have made a small local community of Iranian Filipinos, making those raised in the Philippines being able to speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with Farsi to their family.
Spanish, Hispanic	This group refers to the recent modern Latino or Spanish immigrants from Spain, Espanyol / Kastila / taga-Espanya / galing Espanya, Español ) and also those from Mexico, Meksikano / Mehikano / Meksikana / taga-Meksiko / galing Mexico, Mexicano / Mexicana / Español ), Brazil , Brazilyano / Brazilenyo / Brazilenya / Portuges / taga-Brazil / galing Brazil ), Peru, Perubyano / Perubyana / taga-Peru / galing Peru, Peruano / Peruana / Español ), Chile, Tsilian / Tsileno / Tsilena / taga-Tsile / galing Tsile, Chileno / Chilena / Español ), and even Spanish-speakers from United States, Latino / Latina / Amerikano / taga-US / galing US / taga-Amerika / galing Amerika, Latino / Latina / Americano / Americana / Español ) or Puerto Rico, Puertorikenyo / Latino / Latina / Amerikano / taga-Puerto Rico / galing Puerto Rico / taga-US / galing US / taga-Amerika / galing Amerika, Puertorriqueño / Puertorriqueña / Latino / Latina / Americano / Americana / Español ), or Latin America in general. Likewise as those from above, besides from the historical Spanish Filipinos or Spanish Mexican Filipinos, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely businessmen, traders, diplomats, and tourists. They mostly speak in Spanish and/or English, while those naturalized or locally raised modern Spanish Filipinos or Mexican Filipinos or etc, also eventually learn to speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with Spanish to their family. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Jewish	This group refers to the recent modern Jewish or Israeli immigrants from Israel or other countries in Europe or the United States with Jewish populations, Hudyo / Israeli ). Likewise as those from above, besides from the historical Jews in the Philippines, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely businessmen, traders, diplomats, and tourists. Majority of the Jews in the Philippines are of the Sephardic branch of Judaism. The official population is unknown. Some integrate with the small local Jewish community. They mostly speak in English and/or Hebrew, or other languages of the country they were raised in if not Israel, while those few naturalized or locally raised Jewish Filipinos, also eventually learn to speak in the local style of English and Filipino or a mix thereof, or other Philippine languages, along with Hebrew to their family. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Arabs	This group refers to the recent modern Arab immigrants from the Middle East, Arabo ), such as those from Saudi Arabia, taga-Saudi / galing Saudi ), United Arab Emirates, taga-Dubai / galing Dubai ), Bahrain, taga-Bahrain / galing Bahrain ), Qatar, Qatari / taga-Qatar / galing Qatar ), Kuwait, Kuwaiti / taga-Kuwait / galing Kuwait ), Egypt, Ehipto / taga-Ehipto / galing Ehipto ), Lebanon, Lebanes / taga-Lebanon / galing Lebanon ) etc, especially countries with significant overseas Filipino populations. Likewise as those from above, besides from the historical Filipinos of Arab descent, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely businessmen, traders, diplomats, tourists, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Arabs. Majority of Arabs in the Philippines are Muslim. Their official population is unknown.
Malays	This group refers to the recent modern Malay immigrants from Indonesia, Indones / taga-Indonesia / galing Indonesia, Malaysia, Malay / taga-Malaysia / galing Malaysia ), Singapore, taga-Singapore / galing Singapore / taga-Singapura / galing Singapura ), Brunei, Burnay / taga-Brunei / galing Brunei ), and East Timor, Timorense / taga-East Timor / galing East Timor ), especially due to border proximity, history, relationship in ASEAN, and overseas Filipino populations. Likewise as those from above, besides from the historical Sangirese and Filipinos of Malay descent with precolonial rulers in the pre-hispanic era, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely fishermen, laborers, businessmen, traders, diplomats, tourists, exchange students, expatriates or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages. Many are either Muslim or Christian. Their official population is unknown.
Vietnamese	This group refers to the recent modern Vietnamese immigrants from Vietnam, taga-Vietnam / galing Vietnam / taga-Byetnam / galing Byetnam ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely refugees, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, tourists, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Vietnamese. Vietnamese have been trading with the Philippines for centuries, as noted with multiple illustrations of Vietnamese in the Boxer Codex. A notable case of modern Vietnamese in the Philippines are refugees from the Vietnamese boat people crisis, that now reside in small villages in Palawan. Their official population is unknown.
Thais	This group refers to the recent modern Thai immigrants from Thailand, Siyames / taga-Thailand / galing Thailand ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent immigrants and expatriates, largely businessmen, traders, diplomats, tourists, students, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Thais. They have also brought over Thai buddhism. Their official population is unknown.
Africans	This group refers to the recent modern Sub-Saharan African immigrants from Sub-Saharan countries in the continent of Africa, Afrikano / Afrikana / Aprikano / Aprikana / taga-Afrika / galing Afrika / Negro / Negra ). Most are transient students, especially due to low tuition fees and the use of English as the medium of instruction in schools of the Philippines. Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, professionals, tourists, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages from African countries. They are also sometimes confused with African Americans in the Philippines, leading to many being referred to as Kano.
Greeks	This group refers to the recent modern Greek immigrants from Greece, Griyego / Griyega / taga-Greece / galing Greece / taga-Gresya / galing Gresya ). Likewise as those from above, besides a few select historical Greeks that immigrated to the Philippines like the founder of Adamson University, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely businessmen, traders, diplomats, tourists, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Greeks. They have also brought over Eastern Orthodoxy in the Philippines, specifically Greek Orthodoxy. Their official population is unknown. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Germans / Austrians / Swiss	This group refers to the recent modern German / Austrian / Swiss immigrants from Germany, Aleman / Alemano / Alemana / taga-Germany / galing Germany / taga-Alemanya / galing Alemanya ), Austria, Awstriyako / Awstriyaka / Aleman / taga-Austria / galing Austria / taga-Awstriya / galing Awstriya ), and Switzerland, Suwiso / Suwisa / Aleman / taga-Switzerland / galing Switzerland / taga-Swisa / galing Swisa ), especially those with significant overseas Filipino populations. Likewise as those from above, besides from historical select Austrian or German figures in Philippine history like Ferdinand Blumentritt or Catholic clergy, there have been a few recent expatriates or immigrants, largely tourists, retirees, catholic clergy, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Germans, Austrians, and Swiss. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Australians	This group refers to the recent modern Australian immigrants from Australia, Australyano / Australyana / taga-Australia / galing Australia / taga-Ostralya / galing Ostralya ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Australians. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Canadians	This group refers to the recent modern Canadian immigrants from Canada, Kanadiyano / Kanadiyana / taga-Canada / galing Canada / taga-Kanada / galing Kanada ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Canadians. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Irish	This group refers to the recent modern Irish immigrants from Ireland, Irlandes / Irlandesa / taga-Ireland / galing Ireland / taga-Irlanda / galing Irlanda ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely Catholic or Protestant clergy, tourists, retirees, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with the Irish. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
French	This group refers to the recent modern French immigrants from France, Pranses / Pransesa / taga-France / galing France / taga-Pransiya / galing Pransiya ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely exchange students, tourists, retirees, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with the French. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Italians	This group refers to the recent modern Italian immigrants from Italy, Italyano / Italyana / taga-Italy / galing France / taga-Pransiya / galing Pransiya ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, businessmen, traders, catholic clergy, diplomats, students, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Italians. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
New Zealanders	This group refers to the recent modern New Zealander immigrants from New Zealand, taga-New Zealand / galing New Zealand / taga-Niyusiland / galing Niyusiland ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with New Zealanders. They are sometimes confused with Americans or Australians, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Pacific Islanders	This group refers to the recent modern Pacific Islander immigrants from countries in Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, such as Guam , taga-Guam / galing Guam ), Palau, taga-Palau / galing Palau ), Papua New Guinea, taga-Papua / galing Papua ), Northern Marianas , taga-Marianas / galing Marianas ), Palau, taga-Palau / galing Palau ), FS of Micronesia, taga-Micronesia / galing Micronesia ), Fiji, taga-Fiji / galing Fiji ), Samoa, taga-Samoa / galing Samoa ), Nauru, taga-Nauru / galing Nauru ), etc. Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent immigrants or expatriates, largely tourists, laborers, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with them.
Swedes / Swedish	This group refers to the recent modern Swedish immigrants from Sweden, Suweko / Suweka / taga-Sweden / galing Sweden / taga-Swesya / galing Swesya ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Swedes. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Polish / Poles	This group refers to the recent modern Polish immigrants from Poland, Polko / Polka / taga-Poland / galing Poland / taga-Polonya / galing Polonya ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Poles. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Dutch	This group refers to the recent modern Dutch immigrants from the Netherlands, Holandes / Holandesa / taga-Netherlands / galing Netherlands / taga-Holandes / galing Holandes ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, students, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with the Dutch. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Russians	This group refers to the recent modern Russian immigrants from Russia, Ruso / Rusa / taga-Russia / galing Russia / taga-Rusiya / galing Rusiya ). Likewise as those from above, there have been a few recent expatriates, largely tourists, retirees, businessmen, traders, diplomats, or returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages with Russians. They have also brought over Eastern Orthodoxy in the Philippines, specifically Russian Orthodoxy. Their official population is unknown. They are sometimes confused with Americans, just like other Europeans, leading to many being called Kano .
Others	Other ethnic groups and/or nationalities not mentioned above include various ethnicities, e.g, people from Afghanistan, Turkey, South Africa, Norway, Tunisia, Belgium, Congo, Algeria, Ecuador, Denmark, Myanmar, Oman, Hungary, Jordan, Argentina, Armenia, Cape Verde, Colombia, Suriname, Albania, Finland, Kiribati, Yemen, Serbia, North Macedonia, Croatia, Belarus, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and other ethnic groups from other countries. They are largely expatriates or immigrants, mostly businessmen, traders, professionals, diplomats, tourists, exchange students, retirees, and returnee migrants from overseas Filipinos who have brought home marriages.