List of Latin-script digraphs
This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. Capitalisation involves only the first letter unless otherwise stated.
Letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetic order according to their base: is alphabetised with, not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as and , are placed at the end.
[Apostrophe]
is used in the Bari alphabet for.is used in the Bari alphabet for.
is used in the Bari alphabet for. It is also used for this sound in the Hausa language in Nigeria, but in Niger, Hausa is replaced with.
A
is used in Taa orthography, where it represents the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel.is used in the orthographies of Dutch, Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for, as well as in the orthography of Northumbrian. It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian for the sound, now spelled.
is used in Irish orthography, where it represents between two "broad" consonants, e.g. Gael .
is used in Portuguese orthography for.
is used in Taa orthography, where it represents the breathy or murmured.
is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong. In English, as a result of the Great Vowel Shift, the vowel of has shifted from this value to as in pain and rain, while it may have a sound of in unstressed syllables like bargain and certain, or in the stressed syllable of again, depending on the word; while in French, a different change, monophthongization, has occurred, resulting in the digraph representing. A similar change has also occurred during the development of Greek, resulting in and the both having the same sound; originally, later. In German orthography, it represents as in Kaiser. However, most German words use for. In the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish, it represents, mostly in loanwords from English such as paint.
is used in Irish orthography for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in French orthography for, as in aînesse or maître.
is used in Irish orthography for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in Portuguese orthography for. It has, thus, the same value as, but the latter is much more common.
is used in Portuguese orthography for at the end of a word, before a consonant, and before a vowel; and in French orthography for .
is used in Portuguese orthography for a stressed before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel. In Portuguese orthography it is used for before a consonant, in French it represents, and in many West African languages it represents.
is used in Portuguese orthography for a stressed before a consonant.
is used in Tibetan Pinyin for. It is alternately written.
is used in the Walloon language, for the nasal vowel.
is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel
is used in the Irish orthography for or, depending on dialect, between broad consonants. In French orthography, it is found in a few words such as paonne representing. In Malagasy, it represents, and in Piedmontese,. In Wymysorys, it represents .
is used in Portuguese orthography for.
is used in Taa orthography, for the pharyngealized vowel.
in English is a result of various linguistic changes from Middle English, having shifted from to. In a number of dialects, this has merged with. It occasionally represents the diphthong, as in flautist. Other pronunciations are in North American English aunt and laugh, in gauge, as in gauche and chauffeur, and as in meerschaum and restaurant.
In German and Dutch, it is used for the diphthongs and respectively.
In French orthography, represents or sometimes. It most frequently appears in the inflectional ending marking plurals of certain kinds of words like cheval or canal, respectively having a plural in chevaux and canaux.
In Icelandic orthography, it represents.
In the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish, stands for long or short, as in caul or dauncya.
is used in German orthography for the diphthong in declension of native words with au; elsewhere, is written as. In words where ä|u is separated in two syllables, mostly of Latin origin, is pronounced as, as in Matthäus.
was used in French orthography but has been replaced by the trigraph eau.
is used in English orthography in ways that parallel English, though it appears more often at the end of a word.
In Cornish, represents the diphthong or. In Welsh orthography, represents the diphthong.
is used in English orthography in ways that parallel English, though it appears more often at the end of a word. Unlike, functions almost the same as at the end of variant spellings of names like Lindsay and Ramsay.
In French orthography, it is usually used to represent /ɛj/ before a vowel and /ɛ.i/ before a consonant.
In Cornish, represents the sounds,,, or.
indicates an English 'long a', historically but now most commonly realised as.
B
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, where b stands for. In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short. In ISO romanized Korean, it is used for the fortis sound, otherwise spelled ; an example is hobbang. In Hadza it is the rare ejective. In several African languages it is implosive. In Cypriot Arabic it is.is used in English orthography for in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy. When not initial, it represents, as in abdicate.
is used in Bavarian and several other African languages for the.
is used in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages for a murmured voiced bilabial plosive, and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive. In Irish orthography, it stands for the phonemes and, for example mo bhád , bheadh . In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in Pular for the voiced bilabial implosive, whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, represents the implosive and represents the plosive.
is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or ; ; or ; examples are mabm or hebma.
is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for, and in Irish it represents.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate.
is used in the Shona language for a whistled sibilant cluster.
C
is used in Andean Spanish for loanwords from Quechua or Aymara with, as in Ccozcco . In many European languages, before front vowels represents a sequence such as, e.g. English success, French occire, Spanish accidente ; this is not the case of Italian, where a before a front vowel represents a geminated, as in lacci. In Piedmontese and Lombard, represents the sound at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click. Recently, in English, it has become a meme to replace the letters or with at the ends of words, a parody of its usage by the African-American criminal gang Crips in order to avoid spelling "c.k.", an abbreviation for "Crip killer". Notable examples include thick/thicc, protect/protecc, and attack/attacc, as well as "suck/succ".was used for in Old English. It is used for the click in Naro, and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click.
is used in several languages. In English, it can represent,,, or. See article.
is used in Manx Gaelic for, as a distinction from which is used for.
is used in Romani orthography and the Chechen Latin alphabet for. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for.
is used in the Italian alphabet for before the non-front vowel letters. In English orthography, it usually represents whenever it precedes any vowel other than. In Polish orthography, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant, and is considered a graphic variant of ć appearing in other situations.
is used in Friulian language for such as in words cjocolate. It's also used in local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨cl⟩.
is used in many Germanic languages in lieu of or to indicate either a geminated, or a with a preceding short vowel. The latter is the case with English tack, deck, pick, lock, and buck. In German orthography, indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the German spelling reform of 1996, it was replaced by for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the as a whole:
is used in English orthography for in a few words of Greek origin, such as cnidarian. When not initial, it represents, as in acne.
is used in the Seri alphabet for a labialized velar plosive,. It is placed between and in alphabetical order.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is used in the Hungarian alphabet for a voiceless postalveolar affricate,. It is considered a distinct letter, named csé, and is placed between and in alphabetical order. Examples of words with cs include csak, csésze, cső, csípős.
is used in English orthography for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ctenoid. When not initial, it represents, as in act''.
is used in the orthographies for languages such as Nahuatl for. In Nahuatl, is used before a vowel, whereas is used after a vowel.
is used in Esperanto orthography as an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
is used in Polish orthography for as in . In Kashubian, represents. This digraph was once common across Europe, but has largely been replaced. In French and Catalan, historical contracted to the ligature, and represents the sound. In Hungarian, it was formerly used for the sound, which is now written.
D
is used in the orthography of Naro for the click, and in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced ejective.is used in English orthography to indicate a with a preceding short vowel. In Welsh orthography, represents a voiced dental fricative. It is treated as a distinct letter, named èdd, and placed between and in alphabetical order. In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound, otherwise spelled ; examples are ddeokbokki and bindaeddeok. In the Basque alphabet, it represents a voiced palatal plosive, as in onddo,. In several African languages it is implosive.
is used in English orthography for in certain contexts, such as with judgement and hedge
is used in the Albanian alphabet, Swahili alphabet, and the orthography of the revived Cornish language for the voiced dental fricative. The first examples of this digraph are from the Oaths of Strasbourg, the earliest French text, where it denotes the same sound developed mainly from intervocalic Latin -t-.
In early traditional Cornish , and later, were used for this purpose. Edward Lhuyd is credited for introducing the grapheme to Cornish orthography in 1707 in his Archaeologia Britannica. In Irish orthography it represents the voiced velar fricative or the voiced palatal approximant ; at the beginning of a word it shows the lenition of, for example mo dhoras .
is used in the Faroese, French and many French-based orthographies for. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or ; this sound is also written,,, or. It is also formerly used in Indonesian as.
is used in the Hmong language's Romanized Popular Alphabet for. In the Navajo language orthography, it represents, and in the orthography of Xhosa it represents. In Hadza it is ejective.
is used in the Tlingit alphabet for .
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated and nasally released.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for nasally released. In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or ; ; or ; examples are pedn or pednow.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated.
is used for the click in the orthography of Naro.
is used in the orthography of Malagasy for. See.
is used in the orthography of Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced ejective.
is used in German, Swedish, and Sandawe orthography as well as the romanization of Thai for. In Irish orthography it represents.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced dental affricate.
is used in the orthographies of some Zapotecan languages for a voiced postalveolar fricative. In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the prevoiced uvularized plosive.
is used in the Xhosa language orthography for. In the Shona alphabet, it represents. It is the orthography of Tagalog is used for. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or. This sound is also written,,,, or.
is used in several languages, often to represent. See article.
is used in the Polish and Sorbian alphabets for, the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, as in dźwięk. is never written before a vowel.
is used in the Polish alphabet for a voiced retroflex affricate .
is used in the Serbo-Croatian and Slovak languages to represent. See article.
E
is used in the orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the glottalized or creaky vowel.is used in many languages. In English orthography, usually represents the monophthong as in meat; due to a sound change that happened in Middle English, it also often represents the vowel as in sweat. Rare pronunciations occur, like in just break, great, steak, and yea, and in the archaic ealdorman. When followed by r, it can represent the standard outcomes of the previously mentioned three vowels in this environment: as in beard, as in heard, and as in bear, respectively; as another exception, occurs in the words hearken, heart and hearth. It often represents two independent vowels, like , , , and or . Unstressed, it may represent and or . In the Romanian alphabet, it represents the diphthong as in beată. In Irish orthography, represents between a slender and a broad consonant. In Old English, it represents the diphthong. is also the transliteration of the rune of the Anglo-Frisian Futhorc.
is used in Irish orthography for between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in Irish orthography for between a slender and a broad consonant.
represents a long mid vowel in a number of languages. In English orthography, represents as in teen. In both the Dutch and German alphabets, represents . In Bouyei, is used for plain, as stands for
is used in the orthography of the Taa language for the murmured vowel. In the Wade-Giles transliteration of Mandarin Chinese, it is used for after a consonant, as in yeh. In German alphabet, represents, as in Reh
This digraph was taken over from Middle High German writing systems, where it represented. It usually represents a diphthong. In Modern German, is predominant in representing, as in Einstein, while the equivalent digraph appears in only a few words. In English orthography, can represent many sounds, including, as in vein, as in seize, as in heist, as in heifer, as in enceinte, and or as in forfeit. See also I before e except after c. In the southern and western Faroese dialects, it represents the diphthong, while in the northern and eastern dialects, it represents the diphthong.
In the Welsh alphabet, represents. In the Irish and Scottish Gaelic orthographies, it represents before a slender consonant. In the Dutch alphabet and the Afrikaans alphabet, represents. In French orthography, represents, as in seiche.
is used in French orthography for, as in reître.
is used in Irish orthography for between slender consonants.
is used in Swedish Language in some short words, such as leja or nej.
is used in Portuguese orthography for at the end of a word and before a consonant. In French orthography, it can represent /ɑ̃/.
is used in Portuguese orthography for at the end of a word.
is used in Portuguese orthography for at the end of a word and before a consonant.
is used in Portuguese orthography for at the end of a word followed or not by an as in hífen or hifens; and for before a consonant within a word. In French orthography, it represents or.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in Irish orthography for or occasionally between a slender and a broad consonant. In the Jyutping romanization of Cantonese, it represents, an allophone of. In the Revised Romanization of Korean, represents the open-mid back unrounded vowel, and in Piedmontese it is. In English orthography is a rare digraph without a single pronunciation, representing in feoff, jeopardy, leopard and the given name Geoffrey, in people, in yeoman and in the archaic feodary, while in the originally Gaelic name MacLeod it represents. However, usually it represents two vowels, like in leotard and galleon, in stereo and, in geodesy, and, uniquely, in geoduck.
is used in the orthography of the Taa language for the pharyngealized vowel.
is found in many languages, most commonly for the diphthong. Additionally, in English orthography, represents as in neuter ; however, the eu in "maneuver/manoeuvre" always represents even in most yod retaining accents. In the German alphabet, it represents as in Deutsch; and in the French, Dutch, Breton, and Piedmontese orthographies, it represents as in feu. In Cornish, it represents either long and short or long and short. In Yale romanization of Cantonese it represents. In the orthographies of Sundanese and Acehnese, both Austronesian languages, it represents as in beureum. In the Revised Romanization of Korean, it represents.
is used in French orthography for, as in jeûne.
is used in English orthography for as in few and flew. An exception is the pronunciation in sew, leading to the heteronym sewer, vs sewer. In Cornish, it stands for.
is used in the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or. This distribution can also be written.
is used in English orthography for a variety of sounds, including in they, in key, and in geyser. In the Faroese alphabet, it represents the diphthong. In Cornish, it represents the diphthong or.
indicates an English 'long e',, historically but now most commonly realised as.
F
which may be written as the single unit: ff, is used in English orthography and Cornish for the same sound as single,. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms. Very rarely, may be found word-initially in English, such as in proper names. In the Welsh alphabet, represents, while represents. In Welsh, is considered a distinct letter, and placed between and in alphabetical order. In medieval Breton, vowel nasalisation was represented by a following. This notation was reformed during the 18th century, though proper names retain the former convention, which leads to occasional mispronunciation. For ff as a single unit see: Typographic ligature and Unicode FB00 in Latin script in Unicode and Unicode equivalenceis used in Irish and Scottish Gaelic orthography for the lenition of. This happens to be silent, so that in Gaelic corresponds to no sound at all. For example, the Irish phrase cá fhad is pronounced, where fhad is the lenited form of fad .
in used in the orthography of Nambikwara for a glottalized.
G
is used in the Uzbek orthography to represent.is used in some African languages for a voiced labial-velar plosive,.
is used in alphabets for languages such as Xhosa and Zulu for the click . In Irish orthography, it indicates the eclipsis of c and represents.
is used in French orthography for before as in geôle.
is used in English orthography for before, and . It is also used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. In the orthography of Central Alaskan Yup'ik, it represents. In Greenlandic orthography, it represents. In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound, otherwise spelled . In Hadza it is ejective. In Italian, before a front vowel represents a geminated, as in legge. In Piedmontese and Lombard, is an etymological spelling representing an at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient.
is used in several languages. In English, it can be silent or represent or. See article.
is used in the Vietnamese alphabet for in northern dialects and in the southern ones. In the Italian alphabet, it represents before the non-front vowel letters.
is used in the Albanian alphabet for the voiced palatal plosive, though for Gheg speakers it represents. In the Arbëresh dialect, it represents the voiced velar plosive. In the Norwegian and Swedish alphabets, represents in words like gjorde. In Faroese, it represents. It is also used in the Romanization of Macedonian as a Latin equivalent of Cyrillic. Also, it's used in Friulian to represent . It can be found in some local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨gl⟩.
is used in Sandawe and the romanization of Thai for ; in Limburgish it represents.
is used in Italian and some African languages for.
is used in English orthography for in a few words of Greek origin, such as phlegm and paradigm. Between vowels, it simply represents, as in paradigmatic.
is used in the Latin orthography, where it represented in the classical period. Latin velar-coronal sequences like this underwent a palatal mutation to varying degrees in most Italo-Western Romance languages. For most languages that preserve the spelling, it represents a palatal nasal. This was not the case in Dalmatian and the Eastern Romance languages where a different mutation changed the velar component to a labial consonant as well as the spelling to.
was used in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific for. It is one of several variants of the digraph, and is preserved in the name of the town of Sagñay, Philippines.
is used in the Piedmontese alphabet for.
is used in alphabets for languages such as Xhosa and Zulu for the click. In the orthography of the Taa language, it represents.
is used in the orthography for Xhosa for.
is used in the English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Catalan orthographies for before front vowels where a "soft g" pronunciation would otherwise occur. In English, it can also be used to represent. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it is used for.
is used in the Spanish and Catalan orthographies for before front vowels where the digraph would otherwise represent.
is used for in Standard Zhuang and in Bouyei. In the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is used for the supposed affricate.
is used in various languages for, and in the orthography for Dene Suline it represents.
, capital , is used in Alaskan Tlingit for ; in Canada, this sound is represented by.
is used in alphabets for languages such as Xhosa and Zulu for the click. In Esperanto orthography, it is an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
is used in the Hungarian alphabet for a voiced palatal plosive. In Hungarian, the letter's name is gyé. It is considered a single letter, and acronyms keep the digraph intact. The letter appears frequently in Hungarian words, such as the word for "Hungarian" itself: magyar. In the old orthography of Bouyei, it was used for.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced alveolar click.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced dental click.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced lateral click.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced palatal click.
H
is used in the Xhosa language to write the murmured glottal fricative, though this is often written h. In the Iraqw language, hh is the voiceless epiglottal fricative, and in Chipewyan it is a velar/uvular. In Esperanto orthography, it is an official surrogate of, which represents.is used in the Italian dialect of Albanian for. In Faroese, it represents either or. In Icelandic it is used to denote.
is used for or in various alphabets, such as the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong and Icelandic. See also reduction of Old English /hl/.
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound.
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound. It is also used in Icelandic to denote the same phoneme. See also reduction of Old English /hn/.
is used for in Bouyei. In Icelandic it is used for. See also reduction of Old English /hr/.
is used in the Wade-Giles transcription of Mandarin Chinese for the sound, equivalent to Pinyin x.
is used primarily in the Classical Nahuatl language, in which it represents the sound before a vowel; for example, Wikipedia in Nahuatl is written Huiquipedia. After a vowel, is used. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, hu was used for, similar to French roi. The sequence hu is also found in Spanish words such as huevo or hueso; however, in Spanish this is not a digraph but a simple sequence of silent h and the vowel u.
is used Faroese and Icelandic for , generally in wh-words, but also in other words, such as Faroese hvonn. In the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is used for the supposed fricative.
is used in modern editions of Old English for, originally spelled or . In its descendants in modern English, it is now spelled . It is used in some orthographies of Cornish for.
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, and in Nambikwara it is a glottalized. In Esperanto orthography, it is an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
I
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the glottalized or creaky vowel.is found in English, where it usually represents the sound as in pries and allied or the sound as in priest and rallied. Followed by an r, these vowels follow the standard changes to and, as in brier and bier. Unique pronunciations are in sieve, in friend and in lingerie. Unstressed it can represent , as in spaniel and conscience, or or as in mischief and hurriedly. It also can represent many vowel combinations, including in diet and client, in diester and quiescent, in alien and skier, in oriental and hygienic, and in British medieval.
is used in Afrikaans for.
is used in Catalan for in the coda.
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the breathy or murmured vowel. It is also used in Tongyong Pinyin and Wade-Giles transcription for the fricative vowels of Mandarin Chinese, which are spelled i in Hanyu Pinyin.
is used in many languages, Italian, Estonian, Scots, with phonemic long vowels for.
is used in Dutch for. See article.
is used in French for, historically, as in ail "garlic".
is used in Portuguese orthography for.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel. In Portuguese orthography before a consonant, and in many West African languages, it is, while in French it is.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in French to write a vowel sound that was once followed by a historical s, as in vous vîntes "you came".
is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel.
is used in Irish for,, and between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant.
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, it represents the pharyngealized vowel.
is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. In Mandarin pinyin, it is after a consonant.
is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in Welsh and Cornish for the diphthong or.
is used in Catalan for after a vowel.
indicates an English 'long i',, historically but now most commonly realised as.
J
is used in Walloon to write a sound that is variously or, depending on the dialect. In Tongyong pinyin, it represents, written zh in standard pinyin. Jh is also the standard transliteration for the Devanāgarī letter झ.In Esperanto orthography, it is an official surrogate of, which represents.
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. In romanized Korean, it represents the fortis sound. In Hadza it is ejective.
is used as a letter of the Seri alphabet, where it represents a labialized velar fricative,. It is placed between J and L in alphabetical order.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is used in Esperanto orthography as an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
K
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the supposed affricate.is used for in southern African languages such as Setswana. For instance, the Kalahari is spelled Kgalagadi in Setswana.
, in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages, represents the aspirated voiceless velar plosive. For most other languages, it represents the voiceless velar fricative, for example in transcriptions of the letter ḫāʾ in standard Arabic, standard Persian, and Urdu, Cyrillic Х, х, Spanish j, as well as the Hebrew letter kaf in instances when it is lenited. When used for transcription of the letter ḥet in Sephardic Hebrew, it represents the voiceless pharyngeal fricative. In Canadian Tlingit it represents, which in Alaska is written k. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for.
is used Swedish and Norwegian for or. See also. In Faroese, it represents.
is used in Icelandic and Faroese for the pre-aspirated sound, in romanized Korean for the fortis sound, in Haida for ejective, and in Cypriot Arabic for.
is used in the Zulu language to write a sound variously realized as or.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated and nasally released.
is used in English to write the word-initial sound in some words of Germanic origin, such as knee and knife. It is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for nasally released.
is used as a letter in some African languages, where it represents a voiceless labial-velar plosive.
is used in the Xhosa language for.
is used in the Cornish language for either or.
is used in Purépecha for. It also had that value in the Ossete Latin alphabet.
is used for in some dialects of Zhuang.
is used in various languages for the labialized velar consonant, and in Dene Suline for. Used informally in English for phonemic spelling of qu, as in , ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.
is used in Alaskan Tlingit for, which in Canada is written khw.
in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized, and in Juǀʼhoan for the ejective.
is used in Tibetan Pinyin for.
L
, in Occitan, Gallo, and Portuguese, represents a palatal lateral approximant. In many Indigenous languages of the Americas it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages it represents a dental lateral,. In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in, which is otherwise spelled. In Middle Welsh it was sometimes used to represent the sound as well as, in modern Welsh it has been replaced by. In Tibetan, it represents the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant, as in Lhasa.is a letter in some Slavic languages, such as the Latin orthographies of Serbo-Croatian, where it represents a palatal lateral approximant. For example, the word ljiljan is pronounced. Ljudevit Gaj first used the digraph in 1830; he devised it by analogy with a Cyrillic digraph, which developed into the ligature. In Swedish It represents /j/ such as in Ljus.
and are used in several languages. See article.
is used in Asturian for a sound that was historically but which is now an affricate,.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated.
is used for in Arrernte.
in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized.
is used in Hungarian. See article.
M
, in many African languages, represents or. It is used in Irish to indicate the eclipsis of b and represents ; for example ár mbád "our boat". The Irish digraph is capitalized mB, for example i mBaile Átha Cliath "in Dublin". In English, mb represents when final, as in lamb. In Standard Zhuang and in Bouyei, is used for.is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated and prenasalized.
, in many African languages, represents or.
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, where the more common digraph is restricted to. It is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated and prenasalized.
, in Irish, stands for the lenition of and represents or ; for example mo mháthair or "my mother". In Welsh it stands for the nasal mutation of and represents ; for example fy mhen "my head". In both languages it is considered a sequence of the two letters and for purposes of alphabetization. In Shona, Juǀʼhoan and several other languages, it is used for a murmured. In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial mh- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in, which is otherwise spelled m-. In several languages, such as Gogo, it's a voiceless.
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound.
is used in Haida for glottalized. It is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or ; ; or ; examples are mamm or hemma.
is used in English to write the word-initial sound in a few words of Greek origin, such as mnemonic. When final, it represents, as in damn, and between vowels it represents /m/ as in damning, or as in damnation. In French it represents, as in automne and condamner.
, in many African languages, represents or. Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph μπ for, as β is used for. In Mpumpong of Cameroon, is a plain.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for a pharyngealized or perhaps creaky.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated and prenasalized.
, in many African languages, represents or.
is used for in Arrernte.
is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized.
N
is used in the Xhosa and Shona languages for. Since is not a letter in either language, is not technically a digraph.is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. It is also used in Fula in Guinea for .
is used in various alphabets. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound. In Tharaka it is. In Xhosa and Zulu it represents the click.
, in many African languages, represents or, and capitalized. It is used in Irish for the eclipsis of, and represents, for example in ár ndoras "our door". In this function it is capitalized, e.g. i nDoire "in Derry". In Standard Zhuang and in Bouyei, is used for.
, equivalent to for or. In Rangi nf is while mf is.
, in English and several other European and derived orthographies, generally represents the velar nasal. It is considered a single letter in many Austronesian languages, the Welsh language, and Rheinische Dokumenta, for velar nasal ; and in some African languages for prenasalized .
is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik to write the voiceless nasal sound.
, or more precisely, was a digraph in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific, such as that of Tagalog and Chamorro, where it represented the sound, as opposed to ng, which originally represented. An example is Chamorro agan͠gñáijon "to declare". Besides ñg, variants of n͠g include gñ, ng̃, and a g̃, that is preceded by a vowel. It has since been replaced by the trigraph or .
is used for in Swahili and languages with Swahili-based orthographies. Since is not a letter in Swahili, is technically a digraph, not a trigraph.
is used in several languages. See article.
in Polish orthography, it usually represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant, and is considered a graphic variant of ń appearing in other situations..
is a letter present in the Latin orthographies of Albanian, Serbo-Croatian. Ljudevit Gaj, a Croat, first used this digraph in 1830. In all of these languages, it represents the palatal nasal. For example, the Croatian and Serbian word konj is pronounced. The digraph was created in the 19th century by analogy with a digraph of Cyrillic, which developed into the ligature. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01CA, U+01CB and U+01CC, these are included for backwards compatibility and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters.
is used in the orthography of many Bantu languages like Lingala, Tshiluba, and Kikongo, for or. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it distinguishes a prenasalized velar stop,, from the nasal.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated.
is used in Irish orthography for the Old Irish "fortis sonorants" and in non-initial position. In modern Irish, the "broad" sound is, while the slender sound can be any of,, or, depending on dialect and position in the word. In Spanish historical has contracted to the ligature and represents the sound. In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, final -nn indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in, which is otherwise spelled -n. It is used in Haida for glottalized. In Piedmontese, it is in the middle of a word, and at the end. In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or ; ; or ; examples are penn or pennow.
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound.
is used in various alphabets. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound. In Xhosa and Zulu it represents the click. In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, final -nq indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in, which is otherwise spelled -ng.''
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound. In the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is.
, in many African languages, represents or.
is a letter present in many African languages where it represents or .
, equivalent to for or.
is used in Igbo for, and in Arrernte for.
is used for the click in alphabets such as Xhosa and Zulu, and in Nambikwara for a glottalized.
is used in several languages for. See article.
, in many African languages, represents ~, ~, ~, or ~.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the alveolar nasal click.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the dental nasal click.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the lateral nasal click.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the palatal nasal click.
is used for medial in Piedmontese.
O
is used for and in Uzbek, with the preferred typographical form being . Technically it is not a digraph in Uzbek, since is not a letter of the Uzbek alphabet, but rather a typographic convention for a diacritic. In handwriting the letter is written as.It is also used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the glottalized or creaky vowel.
is used in English, where it commonly represents the sound as in road, coal, boast, coaxing, etc. In Middle English, where the digraph originated, it represented, a pronunciation retained in the word broad and derivatives, and when the digraph is followed by an "r", as in soar and bezoar. The letters also represent two vowels, as in koala, boas, coaxial, oasis, and doable. In Malagasy, it is occasionally used for.
is found in many languages. In English, it represents the sound as in hoe and sometimes the sound as in shoe. It may also represent the sound in AmE pronunciation of Oedipus, esophagus, and estrogen, in boehmite and surnames like Boehner and Groening, and in foetus and some speakers' pronunciation of Oedipus and oestrogen. Afrikaans and Dutch oe is, as in doen. Ligatured to in French, it stands for the vowels and . It is an alternative way to write in German when this character is unavailable. In Cantonese Pinyin it represents the vowel, and in Zhuang it is used for . In Piedmontese, it is. In the Kernewek Kemmyn orthography of Cornish, it is used for a phoneme which is long, mid-length, and short.
is used in French to write the vowel sound in a few words before what had historically been an s, mostly in words derived from ' "stove". The diacriticless variant,, rarely represents this sound except in words related to ' .
is used in Afrikaans for the vowel.
is used in Portuguese orthography for. It is used in plural forms of some words ended in, such as –anões and –campeões.
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the breathy or murmured vowel.
is used in various languages. In English, oi represents the sound as in coin and join. In French, it represents, which was historically – and still is in some cases – written "oy." In Irish it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In Piedmontese, it is.
is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in French to write before what had historically been an s, as in boîtier or cloître.
is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in Piedmontese for.
is used in Portuguese orthography for, and in French to write.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant, and in French to write.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in Tibetan Pinyin for. It is alternately written oin.
is used in many languages. In English, oo commonly represents two sounds: as in "moon" and "food", and as in "wood" and "foot". Historically, both derive from the sound, which is also the digraph's pronunciation in most other languages. In German and Dutch, the digraph represents. In Cornish, it represents either or.
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the pharyngealized vowel.
, in Daighi tongiong pingim, represents mid central vowel or close-mid back rounded vowel in Taiwanese Hokkien.
is used in English for the diphthong, as in out. This spelling is generally used before consonants, with being used instead before vowels and at the ends of words. Occasionally ou may also represent other vowels – as in trouble, as in soul, as in would, or as in group. The ou in out originally represented, as in French, and its pronunciation has mostly changed as part of the Great Vowel Shift. However, the sound was kept before p.
In Dutch represents in the Netherlands or in Flanders. In Cornish, it represents,, or. In French, it represents the vowel, as in vous "you", or the approximant consonant, as in oui "yes".
In Portuguese this digraph stands for the close-mid back rounded vowel or for the falling diphthong, according to dialect.
is used in French to write the vowel sound before what had historically been an s, as in soûl "drunk".
, in English, usually represents the sound as in coward, sundowner, and now or the sound, as in froward, landowner, and know. An exceptional pronunciation is in knowledge and rowlock. There are many English heteronyms distinguished only by the pronunciation of this digraph, like: bow, bower, lower, mow, row, shower, sow, tower. In Cornish, this represents the diphthong or ; before vowels, it can also represent.
is used in the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or. This distribution can also be written.
is found in many languages. In English and Faroese, oy represents the diphthong. Examples in English include toy and annoy. In Cornish, it represents the diphthong ; in the words oy and moy, it can also be pronounced.
is an obsolete digraph once used in French.
is used in Norwegian for.
indicates an English 'long o',, historically but now most commonly realised as.
P
in German represents a labial affricate. It can be initial, medial, or final. Where it appears in English, usually in names or words recently derived from German, it is ordinarily simplified to., in English and some other languages, represents, mostly in words derived from Greek. The Ancient Greek letter phi originally represented , and was thus transcribed into Latin orthography as, a convention that was transferred to some other Western European languages. The Greek pronunciation of later changed to /f/, and this was also the sound adopted in other languages for the relevant loanwords. Exceptionally, in English, represents in the name Stephen and some speakers' pronunciations of nephew.
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound.
is used for in Arrernte.
is used in English for an initial sound in words of Greek origin such as pneumatic. When not initial, it represents the sequence, as in apnea.
is used in romanized Korean for the fortis sound, and in Cypriot Arabic for.
is used in the Nobiin language.
is used in English for an initial sound in words of Greek origin such as psyche. When not initial, it represents the sequence, as in ellipse. It is also used in the Shona language to write a whistled sibilant cluster.
is used in several languages for in words of Greek origin, where it was. An example in English is pterosaur, and an exception is ptarmigan, which is Gaelic, not Greek. When not initial, pt represents the sequence, as in apt.
is used for in Arrernte.
is used in Cypriot Arabic for.
Q
is used to write the click in Naro. It was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless alveolar click.is used in various alphabets. In Quechua and the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound. In Xhosa, it represents the click.
was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless alveolar click .
is used in Piedmontese for.
is used in Haida for ejective. In Hadza it is the glottalized click.
is used in Catalan, French, Galician, Occitan, Portuguese and Spanish orthographies for before the vowel letters e, i, where the letter c represents the sound or . This dates to Latin qu, and ultimately the Proto-Indo-European labialized velar consonant */kʷ/; in English this sound instead became written primarily as wh, due to Grimm's law changing > , and Middle English spelling change switching hw to wh. In English, it represents in words derived from those languages, and in other words, including borrowings from Latin. In German, where the /w/ sound evolved into /v/, it is used to represent /kv/ in both native Germanic words and Latin borrowings. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for. In Vietnamese it is used to represent the or sound. In Cornish, it represents the sound.
is used for glottalized in Bouyei.
is used in some languages for the sound. In Mi'kmaq it is used for. In the Kernowek Standard and Standard Written Form orthographies for Revived Cornish, and in William Jordan's 1611 Creation of the World, it is used for.
is used for glottalized in Bouyei.
R
is used in the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara for a retroflex stop,.is found in English language with words from the Greek language and transliterated through the Latin language. Examples include "rhapsody", "rhetoric" and "rhythm". These were pronounced in Ancient Greek with a voiceless "r" sound,, as in Old English. The digraph may also be found within words, but always at the start of a word component, e.g., "polyrhythmic". German, French, and the auxiliary language Interlingua use rh in the same way. is also found in the Welsh language where it represents a voiceless alveolar trill, that is a voiceless "r" sound. It can be found anywhere; the most common occurrence in the English language from Welsh is in the slightly respelled given name "Rhonda". In Wade-Giles transliteration, is used for the syllable-final rhotic of Mandarin Chinese. In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial rh- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in, which is otherwise spelled r-. In Purépecha, it is a retroflex flap,.
is used in the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara for a retroflex lateral, written in the IPA. In the Greenlandic language, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.
is used in Inuktitut for.
represents the retroflex nasal in Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara. In the Greenlandic language, it represents. In Inuktitut, it represents.
is used in the Greenlandic language for as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.
is used in English language for, depending on etymology. It normally appears in words of Latin or Romance origin, and "rrh" in words of ancient Greek origin. It is quite a common digraph, found in words as diverse as arrest, carry, and sorry. Some words with "rr" are relatively recent loanwords from other languages; examples include burro from Spanish. It is often used in impromptu pronunciation guides to denote either an alveolar tap or an alveolar trill. It is a letter in the Albanian alphabet.
In several European languages, such as Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese or Albanian, "rr" represents the alveolar trill and contrasts with the single "r", which represents the alveolar tap . In Italian or Finnish, "rr" is furthermore a geminate consonant. In Central Alaskan Yup'ik it is used for. In Cornish, it can represent either,, or.
was equivalent to and stood for in medieval Czech. In the Greenlandic language, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.
is used for Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara for a retroflex stop.
is used for in Arrernte.
is used in Polish and Kashubian for a voiced retroflex fricative, similar to English zh as in Zhivago. Examples from Polish are ' "March" and ' "river". represents the same sound as, which evolved from a *g. usually corresponds to Czech, though the pronunciations are different. When preceded by a voiceless consonant or end of a word, devoices to , as in .
S
is used in Italian for before the front vowel letters e, i. It is used for in Catalan, Spanish, French, English, Occitan and Brazilian Portuguese ; in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th cent. In Old English it usually represented.is used in French for in a few verb forms such as simple past acquiesça. It is also used in Portuguese as in the imperative/conjuntive form of verbs ending with scer: crescer cresça. Still pronounced in Brazilian Portuguese, in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th century.
is used in Piedmontese for.
is used in several languages. In English, it represents. See separate article. See also ſh [|below], which has the capitalized forms SH and ŞH.
is used in English for in words such as fusion. In Polish orthography, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant, and is considered a graphic variant of ś appearing in other situations. In Welsh is used for the sound as in siocled .
is used Swedish to write the sje sound and in Faroese, Danish, Norwegian and Dutch to write Voiceless postalveolar fricative.
is used in Swedish to write the sje sound. It takes by rule this sound value before the front vowels word or root initially, while normally representing in other positions. In Norwegian and Faroese, it is used to write voiceless postalveolar fricative .
is used in the Iraqw and Bouyei languages to write the lateral fricative.
is used in German for as in Spaß instead of using schp.
is used in Kosraean for.
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Empty rime. In other languages, such as Catalan, Cornish, French, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese and Central Alaskan Yup'ik, where transcribes between vowels, is used for in that position. In romanized Korean, it represents the fortis sound. In Cypriot Arabic it is used for.
Also to note, there are spellings of words with as opposed to them with just one, varied in different types of English. For the word focus, in British English the 3rd person singular, the past participle and the present participle are spelled with whereas in American English and usually Canadian and Australian English they are spelled with one .
is used in German for as in Stadt'' instead of using scht. In some parts of northern Germany, the pronunciation is still quite common in the local dialect.
is used in the Shona language to write the whistled sibilant. This was written ȿ from 1931 to 1955.
in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized, and in Esperanto orthography it is an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
is used to write the sound in Malay and Tagalog.
is used in several languages. See article.
and are used in Piedmontese for the sequence.
and are used in Piedmontese for the sequence.
T
is used for the palatal click in the orthography of Naro, and to write the affricate in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan.is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiceless dental affricate
is used for in the orthography of Naro. In the Catalan spelling, it represents.
is used in several languages. In English, it can represent, or. See article. See also: Pronunciation of English th.
, before a vowel, is usually pronounced in French.
is used in Norwegian and Faroese words like tjære/tjøra for and . In the closely related Swedish alphabet, it represents, as in tjära. It is also the standard written form of the sound in Dutch and was likewise used in Dutch-based orthographies that used to apply for languages in Indonesia and Surinam. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop, written or. This sound is also written,,,, or. In Catalan orthography it represents.
In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the ejective affricate.
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized ejective.
is used in various orthographies for the affricate.
is used in the transcription of Athabascan languages for a lateral affricate or.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated and nasally released.
is used for a prestopped nasal in the orthography of Arrernte, and for the similar in Yélî Dnye.
is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea for doubly articulated.
generally represents a sound like a retroflex version of English "ch" in areas of German influence, such as Truk lagoon, now spelled. For instance, in the orthography of Malagasy it represents. In southern dialects of Vietnamese, represents a voiceless retroflex affricate. In the northern dialects, this sound is pronounced, just like what represents. was formerly considered a distinct letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, but today is not.
is used in the orthography of Basque, where it represents an apical voiceless alveolar affricate. It contrasts with, which is laminal. In the orthography of Hausa, represents an alveolar ejective fricative or affricate ), depending on dialect. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between and in alphabetical order. It is also used in the Catalan spelling for. It is also used in Hausa Boko.
The Wade-Giles and Yale romanizations of Chinese use for an unaspirated voiceless alveolar affricate. Wade-Giles also uses for the aspirated equivalent. These are equivalent to Pinyin and, respectively. The Hepburn romanization of Japanese uses for a voiceless alveolar affricate ). In native Japanese words, this sound only occurs before, but it may occur before other vowels in loanwords. Other romanization systems write as. in the orthography of Tagalog is used for. The sequence occurs in English, but it has no special function and simply represents a sequence of and. It occurs word-initially only in some loanwords, such as tsunami and tsar. Most English-speakers do not pronounce a in such words and pronounce them as if they were spelled and or, respectively.
was used in the orthography of medieval Basque for a voiceless postalveolar affricate ; this is now represented by.
is used in the orthography of Basque for, and in romanized Kabyle for. In romanized Korean, it represents the fortis sound, in Haida it is ejective, and in Cypriot Arabic, it represents.
is used for in the orthography of Arrernte.
is used in the orthographies of Basque, Catalan, Fataluku in East Timor, as well as some indigenous languages of South America, for a voiceless postalveolar affricate. In the orthography of Nambikwara it represents a glottalized . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the uvularized-release.
is used in the Hungarian alphabet for, a voiceless palatal affricate; in Hungarian, digraphs are considered single letters, and acronyms keep them intact. In the orthography of Xhosa, represents and the similar in the Algonquian Massachusett orthography. In that of Shona, it represents. In the orthography of Tagalog it uses. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop, either voiceless or voiced.. In Cypriot Arabic, it represents.
is used in the orthographies of Basque, German and Nahuatl for the voiceless alveolar affricate ). In Basque, this sound is laminal and contrasts with the apical affricate represented by. It is also used in Catalan to represent the voiced alveolar affricate.
In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the ejective affricate.
For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Empty rime.
U
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the glottalized or creaky vowel.is used in Nahuatl for before a consonant. Before a vowel, is used.
is found in many languages. In English, represents /ju/ or /u/ as in cue or true, respectively. In German, it is equivalent to Ü, and as such may appear in proper names of people, representing or.
is used in Afrikaans to represent.
is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for.
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the breathy or murmured vowel. In Nahuatl, it is used for before a consonant. Before a vowel, is used.
in Dutch stands for the diphthong. In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, it is after a velarized consonant, and in Irish, it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In German, it represents the diphthong, which appears only in interjections such as "pfui!". In English, it represents the sound in fruit, juice, suit and pursuit. However, in many English words, this does not hold. For example, it fails in words where the u in ui functions as a modifier of a preceding g, doing the same with c, or in cases of unusual etymological spelling or syllable separation. In Mandarin pinyin, it is after a consonant. In French, it is not a digraph, but a predictable sequence, as in huit "eight".
is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in Portuguese orthography for, and in French to write .
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel. In Portuguese orthography before a consonant, and in many West African languages, it is, while in French it is, or among the younger generation. In pinyin, is spelled un after a consonant, wen initially.
is used in Portuguese orthography for before a consonant.
is used in Tibetan Pinyin for.
is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel.
is used in Pinyin to write the vowel in languages such as Yi, where o stands for.
, in the practical orthography of the Taa language, represents the pharyngealized vowel.
is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for, and in Pinyin to write the trilled vowel in languages such as Yi.
is used in Dutch for. In languages with phonemic long vowels, it may be used to write.
occurs in Dutch, as in , duwen . It is used in Cornish for the sound or.
is used in Afrikaans orthography for.
is used in Esperanto orthography as an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
indicates an English 'long u',, historically but now most commonly realised as.
V
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labiodental flap.was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless palatal click.
represents in the Shona language. It was also used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the aspirated palatal click.
was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless palatal click .
was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the palatal nasal click.
is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for.
is used in Quechua.
W
is used in English to represent Proto-Germanic, the continuation of the PIE labiovelar . Most English question words begin with this digraph, hence the terms wh-word and wh-question. In Old English, /hw/ was spelled or, and only the former was retained during the Middle English period, becoming during the gradual development of the letter during the 14th-17th centuries. In most dialects it is now pronounced, but a distinct pronunciation realized as a voiceless w sound, , is retained in some areas: Scotland, central and southern Ireland, the southeastern United States, and in New Zealand. In a few words the pronunciation used among almost all speakers regardless of geography is /h/. For details, see Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩. In the Māori language, represents or more commonly, with some regional variations approaching or. In the Taranaki region, for some speakers, this represents a glottalized. In Xhosa, it represents, a murmured variant of found in loan words. In Cornish, it represents.is used in English for words which formerly began, now reduced to /r/ in virtually all dialects.
is used in Mandarin pinyin to write the vowel in initial position, as in the name Wuhan. It is sometimes found with this value in Romanized Korean as well, as in hanwu.
is used in Haida for glottalized.
is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized.
X
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the supposed affricate.is used to write the click in Naro. It was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless lateral click.
, in Albanian, represents the sound of the voiced postalveolar affricate consonant, as in the surname Hoxha. In Zulu and Xhosa it represents the voiceless aspirated alveolar lateral click, for example in the name of the language Xhosa. In Walloon to write a sound that is variously or, depending on the dialect. In Canadian Tlingit it represents, which in Alaska is written x̱.
is used in English for in words such as flexion.
was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless lateral click .
is used as a letter of the Seri alphabet, where it represents a labialized uvular fricative,. It is placed between X and Y in alphabetical order.
was used in the Ossete Latin alphabet for.
is used in the Tlingit language for.
is used in Alaskan Tlingit for, which in Canada is written xhw.
is used in Hadza for the glottalized click, and in Cypriot Arabic for.
is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound.
Y
used in various languages. In some languages such as English it is used as an such as in bye or dye. In most languages, it is used as an sound. Such as in Yellow.was used in the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, for the "ejective y" or palatalized glottal stop in Pular. In the current orthography it is now written ƴ. In Xhosa it is used for the sound. In a handful of Australian languages, it represents a "dental semivowel".
is used in Mandarin pinyin to write the vowel when it forms an entire syllable.
is used in Yanyuwa for a pre-velar stop,.
is used in French to write the vowel sound , as in thym "thyme".
is used in French to write the vowel sound in some words of Greek origin, such as syncope "syncope".
is used in Pinyin to write the trilled vowel in languages such as Yi.
is used in romanized Chinese to write the vowel. In Mandarin pinyin it is used for in initial position, whereas in Cantonese Jyutping it is used for in non-initial position.
is used for in Arrernte and for doubly articulated in Yélî Dnye. It is used in Cornish for the diphthongs,, or.
in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized.
is used in some languages such as Finnish to write the long vowel. In Haida it is glottalized.
indicates an English 'long y'.
Z
represents the voiced postalveolar fricative, like the in pleasure, in Albanian and in Native American orthographies such as Navajo. It is used for the same sound in some English-language dictionaries, as well as to transliterate the sound when represented by Cyrillic and Persian into English; though it is rarely used for this sound in English words. as a digraph is rare in European languages using the Latin alphabet; in addition to Albanian it is found in Breton in words that are pronounced with in some dialects and in others. In Hanyu Pinyin, represents the voiceless retroflex affricate. When the Tamil language is transliterated into the Latin script, represents a retroflex approximant.in Polish orthography represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant, and is considered a graphic variant of ź appearing in other situations.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced lateral fricative
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is the last letter of the Hungarian alphabet. Its name is "zsé" and represents, a voiced postalveolar fricative, similar to J in Jacques and s in vision. A few examples are rózsa "rose" and zsír "fat".
is used in the Shona language to write the whistled sibilant. This was written ɀ from 1931 to 1955.
is used in the Dutch language It represent as a.
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. It is also used with that value in romanized Kabyle. In medieval Czech, it stood for. In Hadza it is ejective.
Other
, capital, is used in many West African languages for the nasal vowel. Ɛ is an "open e"., capital, is used in many West African languages for the nasal vowel. Ɔ is an "open o".
, capitalized, is used in French for the vowels and. The first element of the digraph, œ, is itself is a ligature of o and e, and may also be written as the trigraph.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labial-velar nasal.
, capitalized, was used for in the old orthography of Zhuang and Bouyei; this is now spelled with the trigraph.
, capitalized or sometimes, was a digraph used in the Slovene Bohorič alphabet for. The first element,, the long s, is an archaic non-final form of the letter.
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four glottalized nasal clicks,.
are used in Khoekhoe for its four tenuis clicks,.
are used in Khoekhoe for its four aspirated nasal clicks,, and in Juǀʼhoan for its plain aspirated clicks,.
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate ejective-contour clicks,.
are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain nasal clicks,.
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate pulmonic-contour clicks,.